霧 靄 霾

英語表示“霧”，有三個詞：fog, mist 和haze。fog指較濃的霧。mist 指輕霧或薄霧，即“靄”。haze指混有煙(smoke)、塵埃(dust)或蒸汽(steam)的霧，即“霾”、“陰霾”或“灰霾”。 霧本是自然現象。在工業化過程中，煙囪冒煙，工地揚塵，汽車排尾氣，造成空氣污染。煙和霧混合而形成又黑又濃的空氣污染物。英語出現了 smog(smoke + fog) 和smaze(smoke + haze)兩個混合詞。前者是“煙霧”，后者是“煙霾”。例如：1.“煙霧”是一種空氣污染。smog這個詞是20世紀初作為smoke和 fog 兩個詞的縮合詞而創造的新詞，用來指“煙霧”。Smog is a type of air pollution. The word smog was coined in the early 20th century as a portmanteau of the words smoke and fog to refer to smoky fog.2.“煙霾”是煙和霾的混合物，樣子類似煙霧，但是濕度稍小。Smaze is a mixture of smoke and haze similar to smog in appearance but less damp in consistency.3.今天早上，黑色煙霧使能見度降到大約50米。This morning, black smog reduced visibility to about fifty meters. 霧污染環境，干擾交通，影響生活，危害健康。例如：4.大霧已使我市交通混亂。Heavy fog has disrupted traffic in our city.5.在存在污染問題的高度工業化地區，吸入混有煙的霧氣損害健康。In highly industrialized areas with pollution problems the inhalation of fog mixed with smoke is harmful to health. 與霧相關的動詞有“籠罩”(to shroud, to wrap),“彌漫”(to permeate, to roll along)，聚集不散(to linger, to persist)，散開(to disperse)。例如：6.霧籠罩著這個城鎮。Fog wraps around the town.7.整個上午，具有一公里能見度的濃霧在我市聚集不散。Heavy fog with a visibility of around 1 km persisted in our city for the whole morning.8.太陽出來時，霧就散開了。When the sun came out, the fog dispersed. ▲ （本欄目供稿：王逢鑫教授）