高智明
(新疆三寶樂農業科技開發有限公司,新疆烏魯木齊830002)
啤酒花,學名Humulus lupulus L.,別名蛇麻草、陀得花(《本草綱目》上的名稱)、唐草花(日本)、忽布(英文名稱Hop的音譯)等,是蕁麻目大麻科葎草屬多年生須根纏繞草本植物[1-2],生長區域集中在南北緯度 35~55°之間的地區[3-4],主要產地分布在德國、美國、英國、新西蘭、捷克斯洛伐克、澳大利亞和中國等地。在植物學的分類上,大麻科是從桑科中分支出來的,因此,也有文獻將其記載為桑科。盡管中文有葎草屬和蛇麻屬不同的名稱記載,但其學名均為Humulus,因此并無歧義。啤酒花自從十二世紀在啤酒釀造中開始添加使用以來,至今它最主要的用途仍然是用于啤酒的釀造。由于啤酒花能夠賦予啤酒特殊的苦味和獨特的風味,并具有一定的防腐性能,因而被譽為“啤酒的靈魂”[5]。由于啤酒花有非常好的抑菌功能,最初將其添加到啤酒釀造中主要是為了延長啤酒的存放期。此外,除啤酒釀造之外,啤酒花還有很多其他方面的應用。本文就啤酒花的抑菌功能及其應用拓展做一概述。
啤酒花所含的蛇麻酮、葎草酮、黃腐酚及其它黃酮類化學成分,對結核桿菌、金黃色葡萄球菌、枯草桿菌等有抑制作用,且由于蛇麻酮的脂溶性強,分布系數大,容易進入結核桿菌的蠟膜而起到特殊的親和作用,產生抑制結核桿菌的功能,作用要強于葎草酮[6-8],已制成酒花素片、酒花素乳劑、啤酒花浸膏片等使用。表1為啤酒花中的主要抑菌成分及其作用。
大量研究表明,啤酒花成分對絕大多數革蘭氏陽性菌具有很好的抑制作用,但對革蘭氏陰性菌和酵母菌幾乎沒有活性,且對酵母菌還有一定的增殖作用。
啤酒花和迷迭香、西洋薯草等一樣,早在13世紀就有作為草藥使用的記載。《本草綱目》所引的宋代《開寶本草》中的一種中藥“陀得花”指的就是啤酒花[19],認為啤酒花性苦、微涼、有健胃、安神、化痰止咳、抗結核菌等功能。《食物中藥與便方》中也記載[20]啤酒花對多種細菌有抑制作用,并有鎮靜及雌激素樣作用。在民間,啤酒花多用于泡茶,有健胃、明目、解渴、降壓、止咳、利尿、鎮靜等作用,藥用部分為綠色的果穗。現代藥理學對啤酒花的抗炎、抗腫瘤作用、抗氧化、抗病毒、降血糖、促進消化、雌性激素作用和鎮靜安神促進睡眠等功能的研究更為深入。啤酒花的藥用作用見表2。
啤酒花在面包工業中用以保存酵母和制造面包的添加劑,使面包具有防腐、持久保存和促進發酵的作用[51]。董海洲等采用經反復篩選的產香酵母等多種酵母搭配,并添加酒曲酵母、啤酒花發酵醪和乳酸球菌以及適當的化學膨松劑,對饅頭的風味改善進行了系統研究,通過自然發酵,生產出具有香甜風味的饅頭,顯著改善了饅頭的口感,這對推動我國饅頭工業化生產的發展有一定的指導意義[52]。另外,啤酒花β-酸用于濃縮橙汁的貯存也非常有效果[53]。以3mg/kg的量添加啤酒花β-酸到60%DS的濃縮果汁中,與空白比較,可以抑制果汁中微生物的活性,相當長地延長轉化糖和酸的形成時間。

表1 啤酒花的主要抑菌成分及其作用Table 1 Main antibacterial ingredients derived from hops and their effect
啤酒花中的β-酸應用于制糖工業中可以明顯地提高糖的產量[54-56]。1994年,啤酒花的產品首次被成功地應用到甜菜萃取的過程中,通過其抗菌作用可以控制微生物生長所造成的糖的損失和右旋糖苷的產生。這與啤酒花在傳統的釀造工業中使用相比是一個嶄新的應用領域。此后的十幾年來啤酒花中的β-酸作為一種天然的抑菌助劑,為了控制嗜熱菌或其它的革蘭氏陽性微生物的生長,已經被使用于制糖工業中。因為在甜菜加工的過程中,萃取塔中通常會發酵產生乳酸,啤酒花中的β-酸在抑制NO2的形成和萃取塔中厭氧菌的感染方面表現出了非常好的效果,該化合物具有非常有效的抗菌作用,在較低濃度時有更高的活性,特別是對梭菌屬的細菌有更強的作用(最小抑菌濃度為1μg/mL)。這些天然產品是對人體無害的,同時還可以在外界環境中被生物降解,商標品牌為“BetaStab”的啤酒花β-酸的堿性溶液已被用于制糖工業[57]。
酒精生產中,運用啤酒花所具有的明顯的抑菌活性,可以抑制在生產過程中由于雜菌滋生而導致的產量降低的不利因素。抗生素通常在酒精工業中用于控制細菌的生長,但不利的是,它們通常也會影響酵母菌的活性和性能。啤酒花中的成分能夠增強酵母的活性,并具有使其緩慢絮凝的作用,這樣產生的結果更有利于酵母菌的生長并使發酵過程更快。在酵母菌的洗滌過程中,啤酒花的成分在低pH時將會產生一種協同的抗菌效果,在美國的乙醇生產廠和蒸餾酒廠使用后證明效果明顯[58]。
隨著對啤酒花的深入研究和對天然來源的植物抗菌劑及植物活性成分研究的關注,基于其特殊的抑菌功能,目前在很多國家和地區,已將啤酒花開發成各種用途的洗發劑、染發劑或作為生發劑配方中的一個主要組成。此外,還有不少地區已將啤酒花及其提取物列入食品補充劑的行列,也有將其開發為具有治療失眠作用的保健枕等。盡管目前啤酒花在我國目前還基本停留在啤酒釀造行業的使用中,相信在不久的將來,隨著人們的關注,對啤酒花的開發利用一定會充滿勃勃生機。

表2 啤酒花的藥用Table 2 Pharmacological effects of hops
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