陳麗萍,顧玲,聶珍琳,許曄瓊,李瑞,高天翼,宋國(guó)齊,王書奎
1.南京師范大學(xué);2.南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬南京第一醫(yī)院 中心實(shí)驗(yàn)室,江蘇南京 210006
IL1B啟動(dòng)子區(qū)多態(tài)性與癌癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的meta分析
陳麗萍1,2,顧玲1,2,聶珍琳2,許曄瓊2,李瑞1,2,高天翼2,宋國(guó)齊2,王書奎2
1.南京師范大學(xué);2.南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬南京第一醫(yī)院 中心實(shí)驗(yàn)室,江蘇南京 210006
IL1B(Interleukin 1 beta)是一種對(duì)抗感染的前炎癥因子,在腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展中起著重要的作用。IL1B基因啟動(dòng)子區(qū)-31C/T多態(tài)性位點(diǎn)通過(guò)影響IL1B的轉(zhuǎn)錄參與癌癥的發(fā)生。針對(duì)已有的研究存在結(jié)論不一致的現(xiàn)狀,為了闡明兩者之間的關(guān)系,我們對(duì)47篇發(fā)表的病例對(duì)照研究進(jìn)行meta分析,其中包括11125病例和14415例對(duì)照。比值比(Odds Ratio,OR)和95%可信區(qū)間(CI)用來(lái)評(píng)估多態(tài)性位點(diǎn)與癌癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的關(guān)聯(lián)程度。在所有的對(duì)比中沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)此多態(tài)性位點(diǎn)與所有癌癥相關(guān)聯(lián)。通過(guò)分層分析發(fā)現(xiàn),攜帶C等位基因的個(gè)體比不帶C等位基因的個(gè)體患肝癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)低(CC vs TT:OR=0.87,95%CI:0.77~0.98,Pheterogeneity=0.103;TC vs TT:OR=0.77,95%CI:0.62~0.95,Pheterogeneity=0.734;TC+CC vs TT:OR=0.74,95%CI:0.61~0.91,Pheterogeneity=0.472 ) 。 同 樣, C/C 基 因 型 個(gè)體 相 比 T/T 基 因 型 個(gè) 體患 胃 癌 風(fēng) 險(xiǎn) 低( OR=0.87 ,95%CI:0.77~0.98,Pheterogeneity=0.103)。運(yùn)用隱性模型,患胃癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著下降(OR=0.88,95%CI: 0.80 ~ 0.97 ,Pheterogeneity=0.158 ) , 在 歐 洲 人 群 ( OR=0.84 , 95%CI: 0.73 ~ 0.97 ,Pheterogeneity=0.070)和感染-配對(duì)研究(OR=0.75,95%CI:0.60~0.94,Pheterogeneity=0.220)中都發(fā)現(xiàn)有顯著下降的風(fēng)險(xiǎn);在乳腺癌中有顯著增加的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(OR=1.34,95%CI:1.18~1.61,Pheterogeneity=0.116)。雖然一些適度偏倚不能消除,此meta分析顯示IL1B-31C基因型是癌癥發(fā)生的保護(hù)因素,特別是在感染人群中。
meta分析;癌癥;IL1B
炎癥被認(rèn)為是參與 癌癥發(fā)生的重要因素[1-2]。白細(xì)胞介素類(ILs)是由單核細(xì)胞、巨嗜細(xì)胞和上皮細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的前炎癥細(xì)胞因子,在對(duì)抗感染中起著重要的作用。IL1家 族 包 括 IL1a、IL1β 和 IL-1 受 體 拮 抗 劑(IL-1Ra)[3],是固有免疫系統(tǒng)中的重要成員。IL1β 不僅是宿主遺傳因子,也是一種重要的前炎癥細(xì)胞因子,能夠調(diào)節(jié)一些參與炎癥反應(yīng)的分子表達(dá)[4]。如 IL1B 啟動(dòng)子區(qū) TATA 盒中 -31T/ C 替 換 顯 著 影 響 其 與 一 些 轉(zhuǎn) 錄 因 子 的 結(jié) 合[5-7], 進(jìn) 而 影響 IL1B 的轉(zhuǎn)錄 活性[6]。在啟 動(dòng)子區(qū)兩 個(gè)重要的 多態(tài)性位點(diǎn) -31T/C(rs1143627)和 -511C/T(rs16944) 是胃癌 發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素[5]。一些流行病學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)這些多態(tài)性位點(diǎn)與多種癌癥關(guān)聯(lián),包括肺癌[8]、乳腺癌[9]、肝癌[10],結(jié)直腸癌[11]和卵巢癌[12]。但這些結(jié)論是有爭(zhēng)議的[13-15],部分是由于小的樣本量、 種 族 間 基 因 型 分 布的差異[16]、 研 究設(shè)計(jì)、測(cè)定方法等。一些研究證實(shí)了在歐洲和亞洲人群中IL1B-31T 等位基因與 -511C 密切關(guān)聯(lián)[17-22]。鑒于 IL1B 多態(tài)性的重要性,我們對(duì) IL1B-31 與癌癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行了 meta分析。
1.1 文獻(xiàn)檢索與質(zhì)量評(píng)估
以關(guān)鍵詞“interleukin-1”“L-1”“polymorphism”“tumour”和“carcinoma” 檢 索 PubMed、 EMBASE 和 Cochrane 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。檢索時(shí)間至 2010 年 12 月 23 日。文獻(xiàn)檢索限制為英文文獻(xiàn)和人類相關(guān)的研究。同時(shí)手工查閱文獻(xiàn)并對(duì)納入文獻(xiàn)的參考文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行追溯以保證信息全面,如遇試驗(yàn)報(bào)告不詳或資料缺乏,通過(guò)信件與作者聯(lián)系獲取。當(dāng)出現(xiàn)一個(gè)以上相同或重疊的人口數(shù)據(jù),或由同一作者研究的重疊數(shù)據(jù),僅在最近或最完整的研究用于這項(xiàng) meta 分析。研究無(wú)論樣本大小,按照以下納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)納入文獻(xiàn) :① IL1B-31T/ C多態(tài)性與癌癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的研究 ;② 對(duì)照組基因型頻率分布符合Hardy-Weinberg 遺傳平衡檢驗(yàn) ;③ 可用的基因型頻率。
1.2 數(shù)據(jù)提取
由兩人按照納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)獨(dú)立進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)提取并對(duì)任何爭(zhēng)議達(dá)成共識(shí)。對(duì)于每項(xiàng)研究,收集以下信息:第一作者姓氏、出版年份、國(guó)家、種族、病例組和對(duì)照組各基因型人數(shù)、對(duì)照組的來(lái)源、基因分型方法和癌癥類型。種族分為歐洲、亞洲和非洲裔或混合的種族。對(duì)于沒(méi)有3種基因型數(shù)據(jù)的研究,僅計(jì)算 IL1B-31 顯性遺傳模型的比值比(OR)[23]。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析
OR 值和 95%可信區(qū)間(CI)用來(lái)評(píng)價(jià) IL1B-31 與癌癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。相比野生型 T/T 等位基因純合子,C 等位基因攜帶者(T/C 和 C/C 基因型)患癌癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分別通過(guò)顯性(T/C + C/C vs T/T)和隱性效應(yīng)模型(C/C vs T/C+T/T)評(píng)估。分層分析分別在種族、研究方法和癌癥類型中進(jìn)行(如果一種癌癥類型包含少于 3個(gè)獨(dú)立的研究,納入“其他癌癥”組)。
通過(guò)Z檢驗(yàn)來(lái)檢測(cè)合并OR值的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,當(dāng)P<0.05 時(shí)有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。對(duì)納入的文獻(xiàn)首先進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn),異質(zhì)性的評(píng)估通過(guò)基于 Q 檢驗(yàn)的 χ2檢驗(yàn)[24],當(dāng) P<0.1被認(rèn)為是顯著的。如果各項(xiàng)研究間一致性較好則采用固定效應(yīng)模型(Mantel-Haenszel法),如果存在異質(zhì)性則采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型(D-L 法)計(jì)算合并 OR 值及其 95%CI并做森林圖。敏感性分析,通過(guò)每次剔除不同研究對(duì)整體合并OR值的影響來(lái)判斷結(jié)果的可信性。發(fā)表偏倚通過(guò)漏斗圖和Egger線性回歸模型檢驗(yàn)。采用χ2檢驗(yàn)對(duì)每項(xiàng)研究中對(duì)照組的基因型分布進(jìn)行 Hardy-Weinberg 遺傳平衡檢驗(yàn),基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)程序(http∶//ihg.gsf.de/cgi-bin/hw/hwa1.pl)。各分析均采用 Stata10 軟件(Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA)、審查管理器 4.2 版(The Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, UK)。
1.4 主要方法
本文中所納入的文獻(xiàn)主要運(yùn)用了以下5種測(cè)序方法:
(1)聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)和限制性片段長(zhǎng)度多態(tài)性(PCRRFLP):是用 PCR 儀擴(kuò)增目的 DNA 片段,擴(kuò)增產(chǎn)物用特異性識(shí)別多態(tài)性位點(diǎn)的內(nèi)切酶消化切割成不同大小片段,經(jīng)過(guò)凝膠電泳,在凝膠成像與分析系統(tǒng)上分辨。
(2)Taqman :每檢測(cè) 1 個(gè) SNP 位點(diǎn)需要 1 對(duì) Taqman探針和1條位于待測(cè)位點(diǎn)上游的引物。這對(duì)探針序列僅區(qū)別于多態(tài)性位點(diǎn),兩端分別標(biāo)記1個(gè)熒光發(fā)射基團(tuán)和1個(gè)熒光淬滅基團(tuán),探針完整時(shí),發(fā)射基團(tuán)發(fā)射的熒光信號(hào)被淬滅基團(tuán)吸收 ;PCR 擴(kuò)增時(shí),Taq 酶的 5’-3’外切酶活性將探針酶切降解,使熒光發(fā)射基團(tuán)和熒光淬滅基團(tuán)分離,從而熒光監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)可接收到熒光信號(hào)。如果探針與目標(biāo)序列間存在錯(cuò)配,就會(huì)大大減少熒光的釋放量。
(3)直接測(cè)序法:是診斷未知突變基因最直接的方法,由于 PCR 技術(shù)的應(yīng)用,使得 DNA 測(cè)序技術(shù)從過(guò)去的分子克隆后測(cè)序進(jìn)入 PCR 直接測(cè)序。PCR 產(chǎn)物在自動(dòng)測(cè)序儀上電泳后測(cè)序。常用方法有 :Sanger雙脫氧末端終止法 ;Maxam-Gilbert化學(xué)裂解法 ;DNA 測(cè)序的自動(dòng)化。目前DNA 測(cè)序全自動(dòng)激光測(cè)定法是最先進(jìn)的方法。
(4)單鏈構(gòu)象多態(tài)性(SSCP):是一種基于單鏈 DNA構(gòu)象差別的點(diǎn)突變檢測(cè)方法。相同長(zhǎng)度的單鏈DNA如果順序不同,甚至單個(gè)堿基不同,就會(huì)形成不同的構(gòu)象。在電泳時(shí)泳動(dòng)的速度不同。將 PCR 產(chǎn)物經(jīng)變性后,進(jìn)行單鏈DNA凝膠電泳時(shí),靶DNA 中若發(fā)生單個(gè)堿基替換等改變時(shí),就會(huì)出現(xiàn)泳動(dòng)變化,多用于鑒定是否存在突變及診斷未知突變。
1.5 主要儀器設(shè)備
儀器 型號(hào) 廠商
溫度梯度PCR擴(kuò)增儀 Mastercycler5331 Eppendorf公司
核酸電泳系統(tǒng) 170-4486 BIO-RAD電流系統(tǒng)組合
凝膠成像分析系統(tǒng) EC3 300 UVP
熒光定量PCR儀 Prism? 7500 美國(guó)應(yīng)用生物系統(tǒng)公司(ABI)
ABI基因分析儀 3130/3130xl 美國(guó)應(yīng)用生物系統(tǒng)公司(ABI)
2.1 文獻(xiàn)基本情況
共有 47 個(gè)研究達(dá)到預(yù)設(shè)的入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn),包括 11125 個(gè)病例和 14415 個(gè)對(duì)照。所有研究是病例對(duì)照研究,其中癌癥類型分類包括 26 篇胃癌、4 篇肝癌、4 篇乳腺癌和 13篇?dú)w類為“其他癌癥”的研究。種族分類包括 25篇亞洲后裔、21 篇?dú)W洲后裔、1 篇混合種族[27]。癌癥大多經(jīng)過(guò)病理組織學(xué)診斷,其中 12 和 17 篇研究分別運(yùn)用了 TaqMan方法和 PCR-RFLP 方法。此外,大部分的對(duì)照性別和年齡與病例組相匹配,其中有 29篇文獻(xiàn)中對(duì)照組是以健康人群為基礎(chǔ)的,18篇是以醫(yī)院病人為基礎(chǔ)的。此外,7篇研究是調(diào)查多態(tài)性與感染狀況之間的相互作用的配對(duì)病例 - 對(duì)照研究[18,20,22,27-30]。 所 有 研 究 的 對(duì)照組基因型分布沒(méi)有偏離 Hardy-Weinberg 遺傳學(xué)平衡。
2.2 Meta分析
觀察不同種族間 IL1B-31T 等位基因頻率。T 等位基因頻率在亞洲對(duì)照組為 50.54%(95%CI:46.78~54.29),顯著低于歐洲對(duì)照(58.06% ;95%CI:52.48~63.63,P=0.022),見圖1。

圖1 IL1B-31T/C多態(tài)性位點(diǎn)基因頻率在對(duì)照組中種族差異的墨盒圖
總體而言,在任何比較中 IL1B-31T/C 和癌癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之間無(wú)關(guān)聯(lián)。對(duì)于純合子相比的數(shù)據(jù),亞組分析顯示,IL1B-31T/C 多 態(tài) 性 位 點(diǎn) 基 因 能 顯 著 降 低 胃 癌(OR=0.87,95%CI :0.77~0.98,Pheterogeneity=0.103) 和 肝 癌(OR=0.68,95%CI:0.52~0.89,Pheterogeneity=0.172) 的 風(fēng) 險(xiǎn)。 在 雜 合 子比 較模型(TC vs TT)和顯性 模 型 中(TC+CC vs TT)觀 察到同樣地能夠顯著降低肝癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(OR=0.77,95%CI:0.62~0.95,Pheterogeneity=0.734 ;OR=0.74,95%CI :0.61~0.91,Pheterogeneity=0.472)。 相 反, 隱 性 模 型 的 比 較(CC vs TT+TC)顯 著 降 低 胃 癌 的 風(fēng) 險(xiǎn)(OR=0.88,95%CI:0.80~0.97,Pheterogeneity=0.158), 同 時(shí) 也 降 低 了 在 歐 洲 人 群 中 的 發(fā) 病率(OR=0.84,95 %CI :0.73~0.97,Pheterogeneity=0.070)。 在乳 腺 癌 亞 組 中 風(fēng) 險(xiǎn) 增 加(OR=1.34,95%CI:1.18~1.61,Pheterogeneity=0.116),見表 1。
2.3 基因與環(huán)境相互作用
有7篇報(bào)告調(diào)查研究了感染幽門螺旋桿菌的胃癌與感染C型肝炎或B型肝炎病毒的肝癌的病例和感染匹配的對(duì)照組的 -31T/C 基因型分布。T 等位基因攜帶者感染人群相對(duì)非感染人群有較高的患癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(OR=0.75,95%CI:0.60~0.94,Pheterogeneity=0.220),見表 1、圖 2。

表1 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析IL1B-31T/C多態(tài)性與癌癥相關(guān)性

圖2 IL1B-31T/C 多態(tài)性(CC vs TC+TT) 與癌癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的森林圖
2.4 異質(zhì)性試驗(yàn)
整個(gè)研究在整體比較有顯著的異質(zhì)性。以雜合子比較模型(TC vs TT)從腫瘤種類、種族和對(duì)照組來(lái)源 3 方面探討異質(zhì)性的來(lái)源。結(jié)果顯示癌癥類型(χ2=10.73,自由度(d.f.)=3,P=0.013)并非種族(χ2=2.25,d.f. = 1, P = 0.134)和對(duì)照來(lái)源 (χ2= 0.75,d.f. =1,P= 0.387)對(duì)異質(zhì)性有顯著影響。
2.5 敏感性分析
敏感性分析表明,4個(gè)獨(dú)立的研究是異質(zhì)性的主要來(lái)源,兩個(gè)胃癌項(xiàng)研究[5,27]、兩個(gè)涉及宮頸癌[31]和慢性淋巴細(xì)胞白血病研究[32]。當(dāng)這 4 個(gè)研究刪除時(shí)異質(zhì)性下降(CC vs TT :Pheterogeneity=0.126,TC vs TT :Pheterogeneity=0.232,TC vs TT :Pheterogeneity= 0.232, TC+CC vs TT :Pheterogeneity= 0.199,CC vs TT+ TC :Pheterogeneity= 0.191)。此外,根據(jù)靈敏度分析沒(méi)有其他的單一研究發(fā)現(xiàn)影響合并OR值。
2.6 發(fā)表偏倚

圖3 Begger,s發(fā)表偏倚檢測(cè)漏斗圖
meta 分析中未發(fā)現(xiàn) IL1B-31T/C 多態(tài)性增加癌癥發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。對(duì)癌癥類型進(jìn)行分層分析發(fā)現(xiàn),在肝癌中C等位基因攜帶者(即TC和CC)患癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低,T等位基因攜帶者(即TT 和 TC)和歐洲人群患胃癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加。鑒于 IL-1B 在調(diào)控幾種炎癥反應(yīng)分子中的重要作用,IL1B-31T/C 多態(tài)性可能參與癌癥的發(fā)生。
IL-1 在乳腺癌、結(jié)腸癌、肺癌、頭頸部癌和黑色素瘤中表達(dá)升高,高表達(dá) IL-1 的腫瘤患者相對(duì)那些沒(méi)有高表達(dá)的 患者預(yù) 后 差[33-34]。IL1B-31T 等位 基 因 相 對(duì)于 IL1B-31C高表達(dá) IL1B,致使患上癌癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加[33-37]。在本研究中,發(fā)現(xiàn) -31T/C 多態(tài)性與患肝癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān),但并非乳腺癌,表明 IL1B-31T/C 多態(tài)性在不同類型的癌癥中作用機(jī)制不同。在胃癌和肝癌中,隱性模型比較感染-對(duì)照研究表明細(xì)菌或病毒感染在癌癥發(fā)生中起著重要的作用[38-44]。此外,3 篇被納入的肝癌研究均是感染對(duì)照匹配的,顯示 IL1B-31T/C 可以增強(qiáng)由細(xì)菌或病毒感染引起的癌癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。此外,研究還顯示,感染或炎癥患者血漿 IL1B 濃度升高,顯示了IL1B 在癌癥中的重要作用[45]。
另一方面,-31C 等位基因是乳腺癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素,見表 1。相比肝癌和胃癌,感染不是患乳腺癌的主要因素[46-48],在乳腺癌細(xì)胞中 IL1B 可能與雌激素受體結(jié)合導(dǎo)致轉(zhuǎn)錄激活[49]。Ito等[50]發(fā)現(xiàn) T 等位基因在絕經(jīng)后婦女乳腺癌的發(fā)生中有保護(hù)作用,她們對(duì) IL1B 更敏感但雌激素水平低,表明 IL1B 在乳腺癌的發(fā)生中發(fā)揮重要的作用。但從 meta 分析得出的結(jié)果應(yīng)謹(jǐn)慎解釋。① 雖然對(duì)合格的研究進(jìn)行了總結(jié),樣本總數(shù)可能不足以得出一個(gè)令人信服的結(jié)論。當(dāng)分層分析腫瘤的類型、種族或感染狀況時(shí),每組的人數(shù)更少一些 ;② 由于缺乏原始數(shù)據(jù),沒(méi)有進(jìn)一步評(píng)估潛在的基因-基因和基因 - 環(huán)境相互作用關(guān)系 ;③ 發(fā)表的研究報(bào)告的數(shù)量不夠進(jìn)行完整的分析,特別是對(duì)所有類型的癌癥。盡管存在這些缺陷,這個(gè) meta 分析還是具有一定的優(yōu)勢(shì)。如病例組和對(duì)照組的數(shù)量通過(guò)匯集研究,能顯著增加統(tǒng)計(jì)力量。此外,沒(méi)有檢測(cè)到發(fā)表偏倚。
總之,此 meta 分析表明 IL1B-31T/C 多態(tài)性在感染相關(guān)的癌癥中可能有遺傳易感性,如胃癌和肝癌。但進(jìn)一步的研究需要闡明 1ILB-31T/C 多態(tài)性在癌癥病因中發(fā)揮的作用。
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meta Analysis of IL1b Promoter Region Polymorphism and Cancer Risk
CHEN Li-ping1,2, GU Ling1,2, NIE Zhen-lin2, XU Ye-qiong2, LI Rui1,2, GAO Tian-yi2, SONG Guo-qi2, WANG Shu-kui2
1. Nanjing Normal University; 2. Central Laboratory, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Nanjing 210006, China
IL1B (Interleukin 1beta) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine against infection, playing an important role in the growth of cancers. The -31T/C polymorphism sites of the IL1B gene promoter region have participated in cancer occurrence through its influence on IL1B transcription. However, informed reasearch has different results. To clarify the association, a meta analysis has been performed for 11125 cases and 14415 controls from 47 published case–control studies. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) could assess connection degree of polymorphic site and cancer risk. The polymorphic site has not connected with all cancers in all comparisons. Through stratified analyses, the individual carrying C allele has lower risk than non-carrier (CC vs TT: OR = 0.87, 95%CI: 0.77~0.98, Pheterogeneity= 0.103; TC vs TT: OR = 0.77, 95%CI: 0.62~0.95, Pheterogeneity= 0.734; TC+CC vs TT: OR = 0.74, 95%CI: 0.61~0.91, Pheterogeneity= 0.472). Similarly, the T/T genotype individual is easier to get gastric cancer compared with the C/C genotype (OR = 0.87, 95%CI: 0.77~0.98, Pheterogeneity= 0.103). Using the recessive model, the risk of gastric cancer observably reduces (OR = 0.88, 95%CI: 0.80~0.97, Pheterogeneity= 0.158). In European population(OR = 0.84, 95%CI: 0.73~0.97, Pheterogeneity= 0.070) and infection-matched studies(OR = 0.75, 95%CI: 0.60~0.94, Pheterogeneity= 0.220), the risk also notablely decreases; however, an increasing risk is found from breast cancer (OR=1.34, 95%CI: 1.18~1.61, Pheterogeneity=0.116). Although some modest biases could not be eliminated, this meta-analysis shows that the IL1B-31C allele is a protective factor for cancer, particularly the infections.
meta analysis; cancer; interleukin 1beta
R730.2
A
10.3969/j.issn.1674-1633.2012.11.005
1674-1633(2012)11-0031-06
2012-10-25
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81172141)。
王書奎,教授。
通訊作者郵箱: shukwang@163.com