被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)教學(xué)歸類

一、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的使用情況

被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是英語(yǔ)中的兩大語(yǔ)態(tài)之一，它表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)通常在以下情況下使用：

1.不知道誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。如：

It is found that Tom was murdered and the police has taken action to look into the case.

句意為“有人發(fā)現(xiàn)湯姆被殺，警方已采取行動(dòng)調(diào)查此事”。顯然“謀殺”這個(gè)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是未知的，此時(shí)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)更適宜。

2.沒有必要指出誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。如：

Fresh fruit is sold in this market.

句意為“這個(gè)市場(chǎng)出售新鮮水果”。“出售”這個(gè)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是人人皆知的，沒有必要指出具體是誰(shuí)。

3.強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者。如：

A Tale of Two Cities was written by Dickens.

句意為“《雙城記》的作者是狄更斯”。此處“A Tale of Two Cities”是句子的重心，即主語(yǔ)是強(qiáng)調(diào)的對(duì)象， 但這并不是說by引起的狀語(yǔ)不重要，如果把它們?nèi)サ簦湟獠煌暾y 為了句式的變化或句子結(jié)構(gòu)的平衡。如：

The leader was killed by a terrorist who was arrested immediately after the exploding.

句意為“那位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人被一個(gè)恐怖分子殺害了，爆炸事件發(fā)生后這個(gè)恐怖分子立即被逮捕了”。這句話如果用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表達(dá)，整個(gè)句子結(jié)構(gòu)就會(huì)顯得頭重腳輕。又如：

The government is going to build a new school next year and it is going to be built in the poor village.

句意為“明年政府要建一所新的學(xué)校，就建在那個(gè)貧困村”。如果后一句也用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表達(dá)，前后兩個(gè)句子的句式相同，句子結(jié)構(gòu)便顯得呆板、啰嗦。

有些情況如公告、通知、報(bào)紙標(biāo)題等，有時(shí)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)）更適宜。如：

No books are to be taken out of the reading room. 書籍不得帶出閱覽室。（公告）

You are asked to be punctual for the examination. 大家務(wù)必準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)考場(chǎng)。（通知）

Some people kidnapped！平民遭綁架！（報(bào)紙標(biāo)題）

二、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)

一般來說，只有需要?jiǎng)幼鲗?duì)象的及物動(dòng)詞（短語(yǔ)）才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者一般由介詞by引起的短語(yǔ)來表示（by短語(yǔ)常可以省略）。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。現(xiàn)以動(dòng)詞do為例，列出常用的八種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)： is / am / are + done。如：

How is this word pronounced？這個(gè)單詞怎么發(fā)音？

2.一般過去時(shí)： was / were + done。如：

She was asked to sing a song. 大家要求她唱首歌。

3.一般將來時(shí)：will / shall + be done或is / am / are going to + be done。如：

Some of you will be sent to America for further training. 你們中有些人將被送到美國(guó)接受進(jìn)一步的培訓(xùn)。

The trees are going to be planted in this area. 這些樹將被種植在這個(gè)區(qū)域。

4.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)： is / am / are + being done。如：

The classroom is being cleaned by the students. 學(xué)生們正在打掃教室。

5.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)： have / has + been done。如：

All the work has been finished. 所有工作都已完成了。

6.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)： was / were + being done。如：

Mom told me that grandma was being taken good care of in that nursing home. 媽媽告訴我奶奶在那個(gè)療養(yǎng)院被照顧得很好。

7.過去完成時(shí)： had + been done。如：

It was the first time that I had been criticized in public. 那是我第一次當(dāng)眾挨批。

8.過去將來時(shí)： would + be done。如：

He did know he would be assigned the complex job. 他就知道這項(xiàng)復(fù)雜的工作會(huì)安排給他。

9.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)為“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + be done”。如：

Everything that can be done has been done. 能做的都已經(jīng)做了。

另外，有些及物動(dòng)詞常常用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中，這類動(dòng)詞有be acclaimed， be suspended， be overcome， be indicated， be inferred， be born等。如：

He has been widely acclaimed for his hard work. 他因?yàn)楣ぷ髋Χ艿狡毡橘潛P(yáng)。

A model plane is suspended above the stage. 舞臺(tái)上方懸掛著一個(gè)飛機(jī)模型。

I was born in a poor family. 我出生在一個(gè)貧窮的家庭。

三、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)的注意事項(xiàng)

1.帶復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)句時(shí)，將主動(dòng)句中的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句的主語(yǔ)即可。如：

His words made me throw up. → I was made to throw up by his words. 他的話令我嘔吐。

需要注意的是，在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中， make， hear， see等詞后接不定式時(shí)要省略to，但轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，則不能省略to。

2.帶雙賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)句時(shí)，可將表物的直接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，用for或to引出表人的間接賓語(yǔ)，或?qū)⒈砣说拈g接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)即可。如：

My father is telling me an interesting story now. → An interesting story is being told to me by my father now. →I’m being told an interesting story by my father now. 爸爸正在給我講一個(gè)有趣的故事。

3.動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)作謂語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)句時(shí)，要把動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)作為一個(gè)整體使用，而不能將其分開或去掉某部分。如：

My grandparents have taken good care of me these years. → I have been taken good care of by my grandparents these years. 這些年來爺爺奶奶一直把我照顧得很好。

當(dāng)然，還有一些其他的特殊情況，同學(xué)們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)過程中要注意總結(jié)，真正做到融會(huì)貫通。

（作者單位 陜西省富平縣美原中學(xué)）