重溫“直接引語與間接引語”

萬連祥

【中圖分類號】G623.31 【文獻標識碼】A 【文章編號】2095-3089（2012）04-0055-02

直接引語與間接引語是初中生必須掌握的重要語法項目之一，但也是難點之一。要讓學生正確運用直接引語與間接引語，必須使學生掌握以下幾點：

一、直接引語與間接引語的概念

英語中有兩種引語，一種是直接引語，另一種是間接引語。直接引語是指直接引用他人所說的話，而間接引語是指用自己的話來轉述他人所說的話。他們的主要區別是：直接引語需用引號，而間接引語無需用引號，但需用引導詞。

eg： Our teacher said: “There are seven days in a week.”→

Our teacher told us there are seven days in a week.

二、 直接引語與間接引語的互相轉換

要把直接引語轉換成間接引語，首先必須分清直接引語是什么句式。一般初中階段需掌握四種句式，即：陳述句，一般疑問句，特殊疑問句，祈使句。

1．陳述句變為間接引語

直接引語如果是陳述句，變為間接引語時，用連詞that引導（that在口語中可以省略）。從句的人稱，時態，指示代詞，時間狀語，地點狀語等作相應的變化。

（1）人稱的變化：一般將第一人稱改成第三人稱；第二人稱有時改成第一人稱，有時改成第三人稱,要根據具體情形而定。

eg：The boy said, “I like the toy plane very much.”→

The boy said that he liked the toy plane very much.

（2）時態的變化

如果主句的謂語動詞是一般現在時，直接引語變為間接引語時，時態由自身來確定，也就是不受主句時態的限制；即從句中的時態無需變化。而如果主語的謂語動詞是一般過去時，直接引語改成間接引語時；從句的謂語動詞要用過去范圍內的某種時態，一般地在原有的基礎上升一級，如下表：

eg:①Daniel said, “Im afraid I cant finish this work.”→

Daniel said that he was afraid he couldnt finish that work.

②Sandy said, “Im having my dancing lesson.”→

Sandy said that she was having her dancing lesson.

③She said, “I havent heard from him.”→

She said she hadnt heard from him.

④He said ,“I was ill.”→

He said that he had been ill.

⑤Tom said , “Ill do it after school”→

Tom said that he would do it after school.

（3）指示代詞，時間狀語，地點狀語和動詞的變化。

當然如果是就地轉述，那無需把come改成go。

eg：①He said ,“Ill come here tomorrow.”→

He said that he would go there the next day.

②Millie said , “Im listeningto music now.”→

Millie said that she was listening to music.

2. 一般疑問句變為間接引語

直接引語如果是一般疑問句變為間接引語時，首先要把疑問句語序改為陳述句語序，句末用句號。其次用whether或if 來引導從句；再次主句中的謂語動詞said要改為asked，沒有間接賓語時，可以根據句意加一個間接賓語（me, us, him等）。

其余的變化與陳述句相同。

eg：①He said, “Are you interested in English?”→

He asked (me) if I was interested in English.

他問我是否對英語感興趣。

②She asked, “Are you sure you will come or not?”→

She asked whether I was sure I would come or not.

注意：一般情況下whether與if 可以互換，但在以下幾種情況中通常只能用whether,不能用if。

（1）whether用在介詞的后面；

（2）從句中有or not;

（3）動詞不定式的復合結構，即whether to go而不能是if to go。

3.特殊疑問句變為間接引語

要把直接引語是特殊疑問句的句子變為間接引語時，與一般疑問句所不同的是引導詞不同；特殊疑問句變化時要用特殊疑問詞作為引導詞，其余的變化相同。

eg： ①“Where will you go?” he asked me.→

He asked me where I would go.

She asked, “When does his mother get up every day?”→

She asked when his mother got up every day.

4.祈使句變為間接引語

直接引語如果是祈使句，變為間接引語時要運用asked/told sb.(not) to do sth.的句式。

eg： ①He said, “Sit down, please.”→

He asked us to sit down.

②Father said, “Dont worry about me.”→

Father told me not to worry about him.

三、值得注意的幾點

1.如果直接引語所敘述的內容表示客觀真理，客觀事實或習慣性動作，那么在變化時時態無需改變，即時態不變。

eg： The teacher said, “The earth is round.”

此句講的是地球無論什么時候都是圓的，不可能變成方的或扁的?？陀^真理，故此句的時態不變，上句應改為：

The teacher said (that) the earth is round.

2.如果所述事情當天轉述那變化時無需把today改成that day。

3.如果所述事情當地轉述那變化時無需把here改成there。