目的論視角下旅游文本的翻譯文化

郜冬霞

一、導論

趙樓牡丹園簡介：趙樓是馳名中外的牡丹之鄉，位于“曹州牡丹園”的中心,牡丹栽培歷史悠久,“至明已甲于海內外”,面積一千五百畝,品種四百多個,是當今世界面積最大、品種最多、花色最全的科研、生產、銷售基地，也是國內觀賞牡丹的中心。

Zhaolou Peony Park

Zhaolou is renowned for its peony at home and abroad.It stands at the center of“Caozhou Peony Park”.With a long history of planting peony.it was well-known throught the country in the Ming Dynasty.Zhaolou Peony Park has an area of 1500 mu and more than 400 varieties.It is a scientific research,planting,selling base with the largest area,the most colours in the world.It is also a centre for enjoying the sight of peony at home.

這張門票中文文本和英文文本基本是1=1的等值翻譯關系，達到了忠實、通順的翻譯要求，但卻平平淡淡，并未有直接的深刻印象。那么還有沒有更好的譯法呢？那么我們是否可以顛倒整篇句子結構層次，不是逐詞照句，而是根據具體目的需要，有選擇性的靈活翻譯呢？

二、相關理論

英國翻譯理論家彼得·紐馬克（Peter Newmark)借用德國語言學家卡爾·比勒（Karl Buhler)的語言功能理論將文本分為三大類：表達型文本（expressive texts）信息型文本（informative texts）和召喚型文本（vocative texts）。他認為，大部分文本是以一種功能為主同時兼具其他兩種功能，因此譯者必須首先確定文本的主要功能，以便采取相應的翻譯策略。根據紐馬克的劃分，召喚型文本的核心是目標語讀者，此類文本“號召讀者去行動、去思考、去感受”，其譯文側重目標語，譯者應充分考慮譯文的可讀性。根據紐馬克的劃分標準，旅游文本屬于召喚型文本。它的目的在于吸引游客，激發他們游覽的興趣，并增強對異國文化的了解。

在Christiane Nord(2001)的目的性行為—功能翻譯理論中提出：粗略地比較原語文本和目標文本，清楚的看到：哪些原語的信息和語言要素需要保持不變，哪些根據翻譯目的的要求不得不被調整，也就是結合翻譯的目的和譯文讀者的特殊情況，從原作所提供的多源信息中進行選擇性的翻譯。翻譯并非1=1的語言轉換活動，1≠1，而是1+1>2。

在國內有學者倡導的翻譯選擇適應論，其核心內容是以譯者為中心的翻譯觀。在“原文-譯者-譯文”的三元關系流程中，譯者處于適應“原文”和選擇“譯文”的中心樞紐地位。是單純的音譯；還是意譯；抑或是音譯結合；或是零翻譯。譯法選擇的過程是不同的翻譯目的的要求的體現。

三、英語和漢語文本的特點分析

Tourism texts information can be roughly generalized two kinds:background introduction and scenic description.In Chinese，the first sentences of the text tintroduce background information,the subsequence often apply abundant adjectives and four-word phrase，as well as quite a few hyperbole and contrastive rhetonic methods，description information is far more than the background function information.Although in part of tourism texts or guidance，background function rise，from the whol，description parts occpy more percentage.

Chinese tends to center scenery areas and are used to expressing in the third person.The Characteristics of English tourism texts stand out，You-attitude,in form，you-form is applied.From reader’or potential tourists’position，viewpoint is stated.

四、具體例子分析

大雁塔簡介：大雁塔聳立于西安南郊大慈恩寺內。唐代高僧玄奘法師歷盡千難萬險,從印度取經回到長安后,于貞觀二十二年(公元648年)任新落成的大慈恩寺首任上座住持.永徽三年 (公元652年),玄奘法師為了藏經,奏請朝廷,建造了雄偉的大雁塔.

Big Wild Goose Pagoda Profile in English:

Big Wild Goose Pagoda:Dayan Pagoda is situated in the Great Ci’en Temple to the south of the city of Xi’an hence also the name Ci’en Temple pagoda.It was built in the 3rd year of Yonghui reign of Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty. (A.D.652)and served as the Place for the Monk Xuanzang to translate Buddhist scriptures.The original Pagoda had only five storeys，and was rebuilt during Changan Reign of Express Wu Zetian.The present Dayan Pagoda has seven storeys and is 64.5 meters high in the shape of a square pyramid.

The item is personal in Chinese:the subjects of the several sentences are the monkXuanzang.In contrast,the tourist ticket has opposite feature，which is impersonal in English:the subjects of several sentences are Dayan Pagoda，It（also Dayan Pagoda）-substitution,the original Pagoda and The present Dayan Pagoda.Chinese often adopts active sentences，while English sentences are more expressed by passive patterns.Conversion is gained by changing Chinese verb-object order.The text properly reflects the characteristic of scientific English.Actually for this text,translation is a process of modulation，i.e.switching the speaker’s perspective.

五、結論

召喚型文本體現了旅游、策劃宣傳、廣告、翻譯等多產業的發展。成功得體的翻譯可以起到事半功倍的效果。以目的論為指導，可以更有效的達到我們所期待的翻譯文化目標。因此，以德國功能翻譯理論作指導，來探索旅游翻譯材料，是解決旅游翻譯文本最行之有效的途徑。

[1]Newmark，P.2001.Approaches to Translation[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.

[2]Nord，C.2001.Translating as a Purposeful Activity[M].Shanghai：Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.

[3]胡庚申.翻譯適應選擇論[M].武漢：湖北教育出版社，2004.