“讀寫任務”解題技巧

一、能力要求

“讀寫任務”要求考生先讀一篇大約200個詞的短文，再用大約30個詞概括短文的內容要點，然后用大約120個詞闡述觀點或描寫經歷。該題型中的“概括”與“闡述觀點或描寫經歷”是一個有機的整體，與以往的作文題相比，該題型能夠更加全面地衡量考生的語言表達能力。

“讀寫任務”型寫作對考生的概括能力、邏輯思維能力和信息組織能力都提出了較高的要求。要求考生首先要讀懂閱讀材料，并簡潔地概括材料內容。這一部分對考生而言，找準文章的主題句與關鍵詞尤為重要。第二部分則要求銜接自然，主題明確，觀點鮮明，表達連貫，結構完整。

二、現狀淺析

從高考的情況來看，“讀寫任務”的低分段人數較多，全省平均分也較低，2008年為11.30分，2009年為10.32分。其原因主要有二:一是考生缺乏針對性的訓練，缺乏提煉主題的能力和技巧，無法用簡潔的語言概括短文的內容要點;二是考生闡述觀點時，有時出現離題現象，如“道謝”寫成“道歉”，或題目要求用實例闡述觀點時缺乏實例;有時出現主題不明確，結構混亂，觀點前后不一致，論據無力，虎頭蛇尾等現象。

三、解題技巧

(一)如何寫好概括部分

1. 記敘文。

記敘文體的閱讀材料，在寫概要前，除明確文章主題外，還應抓住六個要素:when， where， who， what， why， how。在這六個要素中，所占內容比重最大的是what，考生最容易犯的錯誤就是把what寫得太詳細。一般來說，記敘文的故事概要可以用這樣的模板來表示:

Who did what by...because...

當然，不是說每個故事概要都包含how 或why，有時兩者選其一即可。下文是課堂訓練的一個例子:

閱讀下面的短文，然后按照要求寫一篇150詞左右的英語短文。

I took a trip to a big lake in Indonesia with my family two years ago. It was really a huge lake with beautiful scenery all around. People were amazed by the endless view in front of our eyes. Later on， unlike other girls， I volunteered to go water-skiing alone. I put on the life jacket， got on the motorboat immediately and started my engine as soon as possible.

The lake seemed broad and endless. I was so thrilled(激動) to enjoy my trip among the mountains and waters that I sped my motorboat. Then， after some time， I found myself in the middle of the endless lake. A sudden fear came around me. I didn’t know where I was or even how far I had gone from the shore. What was worse， it began to rain and it became very cold and foggy. I rode everywhere but couldn’t find my way back. It was useless for me to cry or shout for help. I was so terrified that I began to think about all kinds of horrible things. After floating on the water helplessly and hopelessly for a long time， suddenly I heard someone calling my name. Soon， a big steamboat sailed to me and they pulled me up to the deck and asked me if I was hurt. I couldn’t say a word but cried out in my father’s arms.

[寫作內容]

1. 以約30個詞概括該短文的主要內容;

2. 以約120個詞寫一篇記敘文，描寫你或你的朋友一次迷路或歷險的經歷，包括以下要點:(略)

材料分析:根據寫作內容中的第2點可知，這是一篇要求寫迷路或歷險經歷的記敘文。那么，閱讀材料應該也是類似的內容或故事情節。所以，首先我們要找出記敘文的六要素:

When—two years ago

Where—a trip to a big lake in Indonesia

Who—“I”， the writer

What—got lost; was found

Why —go water-skiing alone;too thrilled

Result —father came to her rescue

列出了要點之后，我們就可以用自己的話將要點組織起來，概括成一段約30個詞的通順文段:

Once the writer was on a trip to a lake where she went water-skiing alone. She was so excited and enjoyed herself that soon she got lost. Fortunately， her father finally came to her rescue. (35 words)

2. 議論文。

議論文體的閱讀材料，在寫概要前，應該抓住議論文的文體特點、文章結構和三要素，準確捕捉材料的內容要點。議論文的結構形式有“總分”“總分總”“分總”或“并列”等。文章的三要素是:論點、論證、論據。而三要素中最重要的應是論點，因此，準確把握文章的論點就顯得非常重要了。文章的論點往往在文章的首段或尾段，偶爾也在文章的中間。在段落中往往又在首句或尾句，但考生還應特別注意段落中表轉折或因果的連詞，因為這些詞往往會引出文章的論點。如下文所示:There is no doubt that words are a good way to express our gratitude. However， there is something else that we can do to thank those who have given us a hand. As the saying goes， action speaks louder than words. We may thank others in actions， such as helping them in return， rather than only in words.

本段中的連詞“However”非常關鍵，它起到轉換話題引出另外一個話題的作用，論點往往就跟在它的后面。因此，“action speaks louder than words”便是文章的論點了。

(二)分要點寫好第二部分

1. 如何開門見山，直陳觀點。

陳述觀點或發表看法的段落一般由4—5個句子組成，第一句往往開門見山地提出觀點和立場，通常有三種方式可以借鑒:一是同意作者的觀點;二是不同意作者的觀點;三是從上文的事例中發表自己的觀點。那么，考生首先應熟悉直陳觀點的一些主要句型，如:

Group A: Show your agreement

(1)What the writer says is perfectly true.

(2)I agree with the writer’s opinion.

(3)I can’t agree more with the writer’s opinion.

(4)I don’t see anything wrong in the writer’s opinion that...

Group B: Show your disagreement

(1)What’s so terrible about...

(2)I can’t agree with the writer there.

(3)It’s completely wrong to say that ...

(4)I suppose that’s true in a way， but ...

Group C: Present your points of view directly

(1)Personally， I think that ...

(2)Frankly speaking， I think that...

(3)From my point of view...

(4)In my opinion， I’d say that...

(5)As far as I’m concerned， the point is ...

(6)It seems quite clear to me that ... should...

接下來則采用層層深入的論證方式，句群關系一般為遞進關系。有時也可以采用舉例法來論證。

2. 如何提建議。

首先，我們要確定建議的內容;其次，寫一句主題句總領下文;再次，我們要確定幾個建議的中心詞，盡量將最重要的信息放在第一句，以避免泛泛而談或重復。此外，在寫的過程中我們還要注意各點建議之間的邏輯關系。主題句與分點之間的關系有“總分總”“總分”和“分總”等，而點與點之間的關系有“并列”和“遞進”兩種。

提建議時，可使用一般將來時，也可使用can， should， could等情態動詞，千萬不要用have to， ought to， must 等帶有命令語氣的情態動詞。如在提如何減壓的建議時，可以這樣寫:Firstly， I think you’d better adjust your goal so as not to feel so stressful， which I think is quite necessary. Secondly， you can try to do exercise regularly so that you can sleep well last night. All in all， I hope you can have many ways to release your stress.

3. 如何舉例闡述。

(1)借鑒原文例子。

若原文是記敘文，而寫作任務要求我們舉相類似的例子的話，如“因禍得?！边@一篇，我們不妨有效借鑒原文的例子。怎么借鑒呢?例子一般以記敘文的形式出現，而要寫好例子，就要把握好記敘文的六個要素，對文中的這幾個要素稍加修改。第一，將閱讀原文的主要人物變成我們自己或身邊的人物;第二，將文章的主要事件稍加修改，如在原文中是輪船出事，我們可將它變成出車禍，或飛機出事;第三，改變目的地等。

(2)主題相關法。

確定了要舉例子后，我們不妨利用發散性思維來思考。如果任務是“敘述你或你的朋友給予陌生人幫助的一次真實或虛構的經歷”。那我們舉例的主題就是“幫助”。于是我們馬上想到:是誰幫助誰?為什么要幫助?困難是什么?如果實在是想不到你曾為陌生人干了什么事情的話，不妨將你幫助你的朋友或同學的經歷，或你周圍的人對你的幫助轉變成你對別人的幫助。舉例時用的時間狀語:

now， at present， recently， after， afterwards， after that， after a while， in a few days， at first， in the beginning， to begin with， later， immediately， soon， suddenly， so soon as...

舉例時還可用一些好的句式。如:

① A common example， which is often cited， is...一個經常被引用的例子是……

② Nothing could be more obvious than the evidence supporting this view. 這個觀點隨處都可得到極為充分的證實。

③ I can think of no better illustration than the following one. 沒有什么例子比下面的例子更有說服力。

④A similar experience once happened to me that...

⑤ A similar example jumps into my mind.

⑥ The story reminds me of my own similar one; that is ...

⑦ You may find it a coincidence， but I really have a similar experience.

4. 潤色，提高文章的增分點。

(1)引入諺語。

諺語在寫作中的三種功能，引出例子或理由、用于說理或陳述觀點和總結全文。合理地在寫作中運用諺語會起到畫龍點睛的作用，也是作文增分的有效途徑。例如，在說理時引用諺語，大大地增強了說服力。如:As far as I am concerned， students should take part in after-school activities. Just as the saying goes， “All work and no play make Jack a dull boy.” It is of great importance for the students to do some sports (such as ball games) so as to strengthen our body or relax our nerves. Moreover， playing ball games can also make our life colorful. So it is high time for the school to provide more extracurricular activities;在總結全文時也起到深化主題的作用:What Hong did make me realize what we should do when facing difficulties. I do hope everyone can learn from him because “God helps those who help themselves.”教師在開始這一專題訓練時應把一些常用的諺語提供給考生參考，如下所示:

Actions speak louder than words.

A friend in need is a friend indeed.

A friend is easier lost than found.

A good beginning is half done.

Bad news has wings.

Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success.

Every minute counts.

Failure is the mother of success.

Genius is nothing but labor and diligence.

Great minds think alike.

(2)謀篇布局。

一篇好的英語作文不僅要有充實的內容和良好的語言表達能力，還要有突出的主題與清晰的結構。因此，下筆之前對文章進行謀篇布局，養成良好的習慣，就可使文章提高一個檔次?？忌谡J真閱讀作文材料及寫作內容之后，便可謀篇布局。如:

[寫作內容]

1. 以約30個詞概括文章內容;

2. 以約120 個詞寫一篇記敘文，描寫你或你的朋友在學習或生活中曾遇到過的一個問題，并包括以下要點:

(1)敘述你或你的朋友在學習生活中解決某個問題的一次真實或虛構的經歷;

(2)你或你的朋友通過什么方法來解決這個問題;

(3)你或你的朋友從解決問題過程中學到了什么。

謀篇布局:Part1: Summary

Part2:要點(1)+要點(2)

Part3: 要點(3)

文章結構一旦確定，便可組織要點，形成文段。組織過程中恰當地使用一些過渡詞和過渡句，就可寫出連貫流暢的文章了。

(3)運用句式。

在寫作中，句型和句式的運用能使我們的表達更加地道，精彩。因此，我們要合適地運用好句型及句式，為我們的讀寫任務增分。除了復合句的運用之外，還可以使用介詞短語、非謂語結構，以及一些固定句式，如強調句式、倒裝句式和省略句式等。如:

(1)Without the support from my family， I would have given up.

(2) You will never forget it once seeing it.

(3) It was my teacher who inspired me to work harder when I was about to give up.

(4) Compared with the traditional cards， electronic cards are more interesting and lively.

(5) There is no doubt that you will be helped by others if you have any difficulties.

(4)升華結尾

晚清林紓說:“為人重晚節，行文看結穴?！辈萋适毡乃尚阜αΦ慕Y尾，難免被認為虎頭蛇尾;而精心制作、生動有力的結尾，可使文章首尾圓合，通篇靈動，完足文意。文章的結尾既可起到深化主題，又可起到總結全文的作用。下面是題為“Key factors to success” 作文的結尾段。

To conclude， all great men achieve success through diligence， devotion and perseverance. Just as the famous English saying goes， “No pains， no gains.”

這結尾使用了三個關鍵詞(diligence，devotion，perseverance)總結了本文前面部分的要點，點明主題，而且最后用一個諺語，令人回味。

四、結束語

“讀寫任務”型寫作在英語高考中占有較重比例的分值，考生在備考中應給予高度重視，加大力度，進行系統訓練，才能有效增分。

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