閱讀理解失分黑洞——誤解題干或備選項

造成考生錯誤解答閱讀理解題的原因常常是:一是不理解或者錯誤理解題干，二是備選項在語意轉換中偷換概念，擴大或縮小概念的外延，或者把原文中的表達更換成語意不完全吻合的詞匯、短語或句型等，而考生卻沒有發現或者發現了也沒有給予足夠的重視。

例1 (2009天津卷)Next time a customer comes to your office，offer him a cup of coffee. And when you’re doing your holiday shopping online，make sure you’re holding a large glass of iced tea. The physical sensation (感覺)of warmth encourages emotional warmth，while a cold drink in hand prevents you from making unwise decisions.

Psycholgists have known that one person’s perception (感知)of another’s “warmth”is a powerful determiner in social reationships. Judging someone to be either “warm”or “cold”is a primary consderation ， even trumping evidence that a“cold”person may be more capable.

54. Wecan infer from the psssage that________.

A. abstract thinking does not come from physical experiences

B. feelings of warmth and coldess are studied worldwide

C. Physical temperature affects how we see others

D. capable persons are often cold to others

錯選D的原因:沒有重視題干中的“infer from the passage…”應該是經過推測的結論，也就是說從字里行間體會出來的結論，而不是文中直接給出的內容。根據最后那句可推知，答案為C。

例2 (2009天津卷)I started writing fiction in 1985. And for reasons I won’t get into today， I began to write stories using all the Englishes I grew up with: the English she used with me， which for lack of a better term might be described as “broken”， and what I imagine to be her translation of her Chinese， her internal(內在的) language， and for that I sought to preserve the essence， but neither an English nor a Chinese structure: I wanted to catch what language ability tests can never show; her intention， her feelings， the rhythms of her speech and the nature of her thoughts.

42. The author used to think her mother’s English as________.

A. impoliteB. amusingC. imperfectD. practical

該題錯選D的原因:沒有注意到題干中的used to think(過去認為)。現在作者對母親的英語有了全新的認識，但母親原先的英語是“broken”(不完美的)，選項中imperfect與之同義，故選C。

例3 (2009遼寧卷) ...Different from popular belief， men do not usually think in the words and sentences of ordinary language but in symbols for ideas (known as “mentalese”)， and writing our ideas down is an act of translation from that symbolic language. But while mentalese contains ourthoughts in the form of a complex tapestry (織錦)，writing can only be composed one thread at a time. Therefore it should not be surprising that our first attempt at expressing ideas should look so simple. It is only by repeatedly rewriting that men produces new threads and connect them to get closer to the ideas formed in our minds.

69. What people generally believe about the way human minds work?

A. People think in words and sentences.

B. Human ideas are translated in symbols.

C. People think by connecting threads of ideas.

D. Human thoughts are expressed through pictures.

錯選C的原因是沒有注意到題干中的generally，這道題問的是人們通常認為人類的大腦是怎樣思維的，故選擇A。答案C是本文中介紹的新的心理學研究成果，不能選。同理，在解答閱讀題時，我們要注意題干中的gradually， normally， usually， mainly， formally之類的詞。

例4 (2009山東卷)Ofen such produds are nothing more than money-making things for their promoter. The results they produle are guestionable，and some are dangerous to health. If the product is a drug， FDA(Food Drug Administration)can require proof (證明) under the Food， Drug， and Cosmetic Act that it is safe and effective before it is put on the market. But if the product is a device， FDA has no authority to require pre-marketing proof of safety or effectiveness. If a product already on the market is a danger to health， FDA can request the producer or distributor to remove it from the market voluntarily， or it can take legal action， including seizure (查封) of the product.

62. Which of the following is true according to the text?

A. The court is in charge of removing dangerous products.

B. New products are more likely to be questionable.

C. The production of a device must be approved by FDA.

D. The promoters usually just care about profits.

錯選A、C的原因:備選項A中，dangerous是偷換詞匯，法院應該負責處理違法產品，而不是危險產品;備選項C中，原文中的drug被偷換成device，FDA有權限審查藥品而不是醫療器材，所以答案肯定在B、D里面選。根據上述節選第一句(產品推介商只關心利潤)可知，選D。

此外，以下題干也是容易誤解的，望考生們注意:

The last but one paragraph (the second paragraph from bottom) mainly talks about________. (倒數第二段主要談論的是……)

責任編校蔣小青