要善于識別干擾項的偷梁換柱現象

偷梁換柱，指用偷換的辦法，暗中改換事物的本質和內容，以達蒙混欺騙的目的。命題者在設置閱讀理解題的選項時常用偷梁換柱的手法設置干擾項，他們運用原文中的句子結構和大部分的詞匯，只是在不起眼的地方換一個或幾個詞，造成意思的變化。這告訴我們，在辨別信息時，一定要非常仔細，尤其是選項的結構和詞匯與原文相關的結構和詞匯相似時，更要注意當中是否有詞匯被調換了。用偷梁換柱法設置干擾項，就是利用考生時間緊，大凡粗粗一讀，來不及細看，或來不及把選項讀到底的傾向，在選項的前半句或前大半句中用原文的結構和詞匯，只是在最后換了幾個詞，而使考生出錯。請看幾個例子:

例1 ...Lately I’ve been busy in Beijing having meetings to discuss my new movie. I also attended John Wu’s ceremony of his new movie， Red Cliff， which took two years to complete. I’m good friends with director John Wu and the main actor Tony Leung…

This song was written by Chang Shilei. I sing this song together with Tan Jing. Tan Shilei is a naturally talented musician. He also has an interesting habit. His piano is placed beside his bed. When he wakes up， he plays the piano until he’s tired， then he lies down to sleep.

What can we infer from the text?

A. It took the author two years to finish the movie Red Cliff...

C. Chang Shilei is a famous actor who is good at playing the piano.

該題的選項A和C就是用偷梁換柱的方法設置的干擾項。在A中，took two years to finish the movie Red Cliff與原文中的which took two years to complete是完全一樣的，但原文中是the movie Red Cliff took John Wu two years to complete，而不是the author。在選項C中，有關Chang Shilei的信息只有一點不符原文，即他不是actor而是musician。

例2 ...After flying other cheap airlines， such as Wizzair and Easyjet， I have to say Ryanair is the worst I have ever experienced. it is the most uncomfortable airline I have ever flown with...

What is implied in paragraph two?

A. Ryanair is the worst airline in the world.

此題中的選項A也屬于偷梁換柱的干擾項。原文中是說Ryanair is the worst I have ever experienced，而在選項中I have ever experienced被換成了in the world，造成與原文不符。

例3 Whether or not we are slaves of time today depends on our culture and personality， but it is believed that many years ago kings kept special slaves to tell the time. Certain men were very clever at measuring the time of clay according to the beating of their own hearts. They were made to stand in a fixed place and every hour or so would shout the time. So it seems that the first clocks were human beings.

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a way to measure the time?

A. Counting the beating of one’s own heart.

B. Making use of candles， sand and water.

C. Observing shadows cast by the sun.

D. Keeping slaves busy day and night.

此題中的答案D就是屬于偷梁換柱的選項，此選項與原文的第三段的第一句的后半部分“but it is believed that many years ago kings kept special slaves to tell the time”看似相差無幾，但把to tell the time偷換成了busy day and night，從而制造了keep slaves to tell the time (養一些報時的奴隸)和keep slaves busy (讓奴隸忙碌)的不同。

責任編校蔣小青