《普通高中英語新課程標準》語言技能目標八級對寫作能力提出了四點要求:1)能根據所讀文章進行轉述或寫摘要;2)能根據用文字及圖表提供的信息寫短文或報告;3)能寫出連貫且結構完整的短文,能敘述事情或表達觀點和態度;4)能在寫作中做到文體規范、語句通順。近年采用了新的評分標準,對作文提出了更高的要求,更進一步要求考生注意語言的準確性、得體性、連貫性及表達方式的多樣性。但是,只要考生掌握了下列的技巧,就一定能寫出高水平高質量的文章。
一、牢固掌握簡單句的五種基本句型、There be句型和常見時態、語態
語法在寫作中具有舉足輕重的作用,語法知識是學生形成基礎知識、養成基本寫作能力的重要保障。只有牢固掌握了五種基本句型及There be 句型和常見時態語態,才可能寫出合乎英語語法和英語習慣的基本句子。
[訓練對策]寫作訓練的第一步就是加強簡單句基本句型的翻譯訓練:
1.S+V(主語+謂語)
2.S+V+O(主語+謂語+賓語)
3.S+V+P(主語+謂語+表語)
4.S+V+O+O(主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語)
5.S+V+O+C(主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補足語)
6.There be 句型(There be/vi+主語+其他)
二、靈活使用高級詞匯和高級結構句式,行文中注意長短句搭配使用
近幾年高考作文評分標準可以看出,如果只用了一些簡單句,雖然表達出了要求的信息,但得分不會高。如果考生使用了高級詞匯和高級句式,這樣的作文會有更高的檔次。都是短句的作文顯得水平稚嫩,但都是長句的作文又顯得羅嗦冗贅。真正的優秀文章應做到長短句搭配合理,行文流暢,難簡結合,錯落有致。要在每一段設置出一兩個有特色的句子,使文章流暢而不失難度。
[訓練對策]積累高級詞匯(大綱外的常用詞匯)和靈活使用下列高級句式:
1.并列句、定語從句、名詞性從句和狀語從句(可使句式多樣化)。
2.非謂語動詞結構(可使句子更簡練)。
3.With的復合結構或獨立主格結構(可使表達更得體)。
4.倒裝句(可使句子顯得新穎獨特)。
5.強調句(可加強語氣,表達強烈情感)。
三、注意句子之間的過渡與銜接
作文的評分標準是把銜接和連貫作為重要的標準來衡量的。構成銜接成分的過渡詞語,被稱為“篇章紐帶”,其語篇連接作用是不言而喻的。因此,要正確恰當地使用這些表示邏輯關系的關聯詞語,使文章前后連貫,結構緊湊,過渡自然。
[訓練對策]掌握下列常用的銜接過渡語:
表順序:firstly/to begin with,secondly/and then,finally,for one thing...for another等。
表時間:in the past,now,at present,in the future,nowadays等。
表遞進:what’s more,in addition,besides,futhermore,moreover等。
表轉折:but,however,meanwhile,instead,while,on the other hand,on the contrary等。
表列舉:for example,for instance,such as等。
表因果:because,as,now that,so,therefore等。
表強調:indeed,certainly,surely,above all,most importantly 等。
表觀點:in my opinion,as far as I am concerned, personally等。
表總結:in a word,in short,in conclusion,to sum up,all in all等。
四、創作有氣勢的開篇句強調主題
文章的第一段通常都給讀者以重要的第一印象,所以開篇的幾句話要有爆發力,使用優秀的開篇句型,充分表現出考生的語言水平和寫作實力。
[訓練對策]積累有氣勢的優秀開篇句型:
Currently,there is a widespread concern over...
There is a public debate today on the issue of...
It is universally acknowledged that...
It goes without saying that...
With the development of science and technology...
五、中間段落注意使用優秀的段落主題句和段落發展的層次感
中間拓展段是論述主題并展現實力的黃金段落。段首主題句應盡量使用優秀表達句型統領下文,發展句結構要有層次感,講究起承轉合的多樣化表達。
[訓練對策]掌握優秀的句型表達結構:
1.表示事實現狀:
We cannot ignore the fact that...
There is no denying the fact that...
This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in.
2.表達眾說不一的觀點:
Different people have different views/opinions on....Some...while others...
Opinions are divided on the questins as follows...
Opinions vary from person to person.
3.闡釋原因:
The reasons can be as follows.For one thing,...For another,....
Several factors can account for/contribute to....Firstly...,Secondly...
The reason why...is that...
4.說明利弊:
...has both advantages and diadvantages.
There are several advantages of...The first advantage is that...
However,as the proverb goes,everything has its two sides,...is no exception,...also has some disavantages.
5.表達個人觀點:
As far as I am concerned,I am in favor of/am on the side of the former(the latter).
From my point of view/In my opinion,I object to /oppose to...
I think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages.
6.表達個人經歷:
The story reminds me of my personal experience before.
I had a similar experience as the writer before.
I also experienced such a thing before.
7.表示舉例:
Let’s take...for example.
There are some examples in our daily life.
8.表示措施:
We should take some effective measures to solve the problem.
We should try our best to overcome the difficulties.
We should solve the problems that we are confronted with.
六、適當使用名言警句點綴
在寫作時根據實際情況恰當地用上一兩句名言警句來點綴文章,不僅可使文章顯得有深度、有智慧,而且會使文章在評分中上一個得分檔次。
[訓練對策]背誦一些常用的名言警句:
Lost time is never found again.
Practice makes perfect.
No pains,no gains.
No cross,no crown.
Where there is a will,there is a way.
A friend in need is a friend indeed.
Nothing is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
All roads lead to Rome.
God helps those who help themselves.
It’s never too old to learn.
Failure is the mother of success.
七、創建有特色的篇末結束句
若文章的結尾不好,蒼白平淡,則給人虎頭蛇尾的感覺,因此而減弱了前面的文采印象,所以在文章結尾要安排一個閃光句型,使文章在最后加強語氣,達到高潮,讓讀者讀到結尾時眼睛一亮,留下美好的回味。
[訓練對策]掌握以下幾種句型來結束文章:
1.Only+狀語的倒裝句。如:
Only when everyone is aware of the importance of environmental protection can the world become more and more beautiful.
2.“It’s...that...”強調句。如:
In conclusion,it is persistent work that will lead to your success in the end.
3.“It’s high time that...”句型。如:
It’s high time that the authorites enforced some reforms to convert traditional education intoquality-oriented education.
4.“The more...,the more...”句型。如:
The harder you study at present,the greater progress you will make and the brighter future you will have.
八、積累背誦各類文章寫作模版和優美范文
熟讀成誦對寫作是非常重要的,考生除了平時多背誦好詞好句之外,也要背誦一些寫作模版和地道優美的范文。堅持不斷積累,用時才能隨手拈來,達到“下筆如有神”的境界。
[訓練對策]背誦一些文體的寫作模版和優美范文。
如:說明對立觀點型議論文模版:
There is a widespread concern over the issue about...(議題).
But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority people agree that...(觀點一).In their views there are two factors contributing to this attitude as follows:in the first place,...(原因一).Furthermore,in the second place...(原因二).So it goes without saying that...(結論).
However,people differ in their opinions on this matter.Some people hold the idea that...(觀點二).In their point of view,on one hand...(原因一).On the other hand...(原因二).Therefore, there is no doubt that...(結論).
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the former./the latter.It is not only because...,but also because....The more...,the more....Only when we...can we.../Only in this way can we....
結語
在2008年本人任教高三英語的這一學年里,按照上述的作文技巧和訓練對策對我所任教的班級進行了系統的訓練,學生的作文取得了很大提高,而且學生的英語總成績也相應取得了明顯的進步。一模考試、二模考試及高考中,我所任教的兩班學生的作文得分普遍較高,全班英語總分平均分、優秀率在學校全級遙遙領先,在全市比較也取得了很好的成績。總之,作文的訓練非一日之功,只有掌握了作文的解題策略、高分技巧,經常訓練與積累,不斷提高英語綜合語言應用能力,才能全面地提高學生的寫作水平。
參考文獻:
[1]車君俠,韓晗主編.大學英語四級寫作.石油工業出版社,2005.7.
[2]周貞雄主編.紅魔高考綠卡英語寫作.國防科技大學出版社,2007.4.