吳 銘
在英語學習中,分詞是一個相當重要的語法內容。作為非謂語動詞,它也是高考年年必考的"重頭戲"。但是從學生的答題情況來看,結果卻不容樂觀。針對這種情況,本人在這里略做淺談,希望能對同學們的學習有所幫助。
首先,分清現在分詞與過去分詞的區別是決定用何種詞形的重要依據。下面我們且先來看看這兩種分詞形式的區別:
現在分詞:
1)現在分詞和與其相關的名詞或代詞構成一種"主謂關系",即"主動態"。與現在分詞相關的名詞或代詞要依分詞在句中擔當成分的不同而不同。如:分詞若在句中充當表語或是狀語,那么句子的主語就是分詞的"相關詞"。分詞若在句中充當定語,那么被它所修飾的詞就是"相關詞";分詞若作賓語補足語,那么賓語就是"相關詞"。
過去分詞:
過去分詞和與其相關的名詞或代詞構成一種"動賓關系",即"被動態"。這里所說的"與過去分詞的相關詞"的所指與"現在分詞中講的所指"一樣。
2)現在分詞表示"主動和進行",過去分詞表示"被動和完成"(不及物動詞的過去分詞不表示被動,只表示完成)。分詞在句中可以作表語、定語、狀語和補語。
一、分詞作表語
(1) 現在分詞作表語,相關詞(即句子的主語)與分詞是主動關系/主謂關系;過去分詞作表語,相關詞(即句子的主語)與分詞是被動關系。例如,
This book is well written . (被動)
The little girl looks so charming .(主動)
愛心提示:及物動詞的過去分詞作表語,與句子主語是被動關系,既表示被動,又表示完成。不及物動詞的過去分詞作表語只表示動作的完成。例如:
The window is broken . 窗戶破了。
The stick is burnt. 木棒燃燒過了
(2)現在分詞和過去分詞起形容詞或副詞作用。現在分詞作表語主要是表示主語本身的性質、特征;含義為 “令人……”的含義;而過去分詞作表語則多表示主語所處的狀態,常譯為“感到……”
The situation is encouraging .(令人鼓舞的)
The soccer fans were delighted.(感到高興的)
其他例子有:
amazing , amazed ; annoying , annoyed ; boring , bored ; confusing , confused ; surprising surprised ; terrifying , terrified ; disappointing , disappointed ; frightening , frightened 等。
典型例題
---I'm very _______with my own cooking .It looks nice and smells delicious.(2002北京春招)
---Mm , it does have _______ smell .
A. pleasant ;pleased B pleased ;pleased
C. pleasant ;pleasant D .pleased ;pleasant
思路分析:答案選D。當過去分詞作表語時,常常修飾人,含義為“感到……”表示某人處于某一種精神狀態。故最佳答案為D項.
二、 分詞作定語
單個分詞作定語,分詞一般寫在被修飾詞之前;分詞短語作定語時,分詞放在被修飾詞之后。現在分詞作定語,主要說明"正在進行的動作"或是"主動" 。過去分詞作定語,主要說明"業已完成的動作"或是"被動" 。
We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions.
China belongs to developing countries .
The girl standing by her mother looked very timid.
The concert given by their friends was a success。
典型例題
1. Prices of daily goods _______through a computer can be lower than store prices.(2002北京春)
A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying
思路分析:答案選B。此題考查過去分詞短語作后置定語的用法.我們可以把bought through還原成一個定語從句:Prices of daily goods that /which are bought through a computer……
2. The Olympic Games, _______in 776 BC , did not include women players until 1912.( 1992 NMET)
A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing
思路分析:答案選C 。根據句中的逗號和句意可知,_______in 776 BC 在句中作后置定語,修飾前面的The Olympic Games 。the Olympic Games與play之間是被動關系,故排除A、D項。B項是不定式的被動式,表示"未來",也可排除,因此,C項是對的.它相當于一個非限制性定語從句which were first played.
3. The trees ___ in the storm have been moved off the road.(2008年湖南)
A. being blown down B. blown down C. blowing down D to blow down
思路分析:答案選B。本題考查過去分詞短語作后置定語的用法.我們可以把blown down還原成一個定語從句:The trees that /which were blown down in the storm have been moved off the road .
(3)分詞作狀語
分詞在句子中作狀語,使用何種分詞,要取決于相關詞(即句子主語)與分詞的關系:主謂關系用現在分詞,動賓或被動關系用過去分詞。
Walking in the street , I saw my good friend .
Not knowing her phone number, I wrote her a letter .
Surrounded by his students , the professor sat there cheerfully .
典型例題
1. _________ more time , he will make a first-class tennis player .(2003北京)
A Having given B To give C Giving D Given
思路分析:答案選D 。本句話的意思為:如果多給他些時間,他會成為一流球員。分詞在句中作條件狀語,句子主語he與give 之間是被動關系,即動賓關系,故用given 。
2. Alice returned from the managers office , ________ me that the boss wanted to see me at once .(2004 NMET)
A having told B tells C to tell D telling
思路分析:答案選D。由句中的逗號及句意可知,分詞在句中作伴隨狀語,句子主語Alice與tell之間是主謂(主動)關系,故用現在分詞。
3._______ in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring.(2008安徽卷)
A. To walk. B. Walking C. Walked D. Having walked
思路分析:答案選B。由句意可知,分詞在句中作時間狀語,句子主語he與walk之間是主謂(主動)關系,故用現在分詞。
(4)分詞作補語
分詞作賓語補足語時,如果其相關詞(即賓語)與分詞構成"主謂關系",用現在分詞;如果構成"動賓關系",則用過去分詞。常用分詞作賓語補足語的動詞有:find , feel , get , have , hear , keep , notice , see , watch等。
I saw my sister climbing the wall.
He has his bike repaired .
典型例題:
1. The speaker raised his voice but still couldn't make himself_______.(1991 NMET)
A. hear B. to hear C. hearing D. heard
思路分析: 答案選D 。 make oneself done是慣用法.此時done作oneself的賓語補足語,賓語himself 與hear之間是被動關系,即動賓關系,故用過去分詞。本題的意思是"使自己的聲音被聽到",故答案為D.
2. Jenny hopes that Mr Smith will suggest a good way to have her handwriting _________ in a short period .
A improved B improving C to improve D improve
思路分析: 答案選A 。have something done 是慣用法。在本題中賓語her handwriting與improve 之間是被動關系,故用過去分詞。
3. To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English _____ as much as we can.(2008江蘇)
A. speak B. speaking C. spoken D. to speak
思路分析: 答案選C 。賓語English與speak之間是被動關系,即動賓關系,故用過去分詞。本題的意思是"為了學好英語,我們應該盡可能多的尋找機會聽人們說英語"。