中學(xué)英語中常見的主謂一致現(xiàn)象

在英語中，句子的謂語動詞必須在人稱和數(shù)上與主語保持一致。主謂一致是中學(xué)英語語法學(xué)習(xí)中的一個重點，也是一個難點。通常采用下列三個原則處理，即，語法一致的原則、意義一致的原則、毗鄰一致（即就近一致）原則。

一、語法形式一致原則

即在語法形式上取得一致。如：主語為單數(shù)形式，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；主語為復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語動詞也采用復(fù)數(shù)形式。但須注意下列幾種情況：

1.由“the number of，a/the/this pair（form，kind，type，glass）of，either（neither）+of+名詞復(fù)數(shù)”等結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時，謂語用單數(shù)。例如：

（1）Is either of your parents an engineer？

（2）There is a pair of shoes left on the shelf.

2.由“both...and”連接的兩個名詞作主語時，謂語動詞常用復(fù)數(shù)。

（3）Both my father and my sister are famous writers.

3.由many a，more than one修飾單數(shù)名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。

（4）Many a ship has been damaged in the storm.

（5）More than one person has been the movie “Titanic”.

但在“more+名詞復(fù)數(shù)+than one”結(jié)構(gòu)中，謂語動詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：

（6）More young teachers than one are against this plan.

4.當(dāng)“主語+as well as（as much as，no less than，with，along with，together with，rather than，like，unlike，but，except，besides，including）”時，其謂語單復(fù)數(shù)與主語保持一致。例如：

（7）Nothing but stampts and envelopes is for sale.

（8）The teacher with a number of students is in the classroom.

5.當(dāng)“every-”，“some-”，“any-”，“no-”等構(gòu)成的不定代詞作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。例如：

（9）Everybody obeys the school rules；anybody who breaks the rules is punished.

（10）I’ll tell you something that sounds interesting.

6.當(dāng)不可數(shù)名詞、動名詞、動詞不定式、從句作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。例如：

（11）Much land has been deserted in this area in the past few years.

（12）Nodding the head means agreement，while shaking it means disagreement.

（13）What you need most is to have a good sleep.

7.由and連接并列的主語時，謂語動詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)。

（14）Plastics and rubber never rot.

（15）Swimming and walking are good exercises.

但是，并列主語如果表示同一個人、同一個事物或同一個概念時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式（這時and后的名詞前沒有冠詞）；若并列的單數(shù)名詞前被every，each，no等修飾時，謂語動詞也用單數(shù)形式。例如：

（16）The poet and writer is gone.

（17）Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.

（18）A knife and fork is on the table.

（19）No clothes and no food is difficult to live.

8.在定語從句中，謂語動詞總是與先行詞保持一致；若先行詞為“one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)；但若先行詞為“the only one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”時則用單數(shù)。例如：

（20）Those who want to go on a journey please sign your name here.

9.當(dāng)“half，all，the majority，the rest，some，most，part，a part，a plenty，a lot，lots以及分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)+of+名詞/代詞”作主語時，謂語動詞要與of后面的名詞（短語）保持一致。

（21）Half of the work is left unfinished.

（22）Lots of damage was caused by smoking fire.

（23）More than 70 percent of the surface of our earth is covered by water.

二、意義一致原則

即謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于主語所表達(dá)的內(nèi)在涵義。常見的有以下幾種情況：

1.如果主語由“the+形容詞（分詞）”擔(dān)任時，往往根據(jù)意義一致原則來決定謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。如果指一類人，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；如果指個人或抽象概念，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。如：

（1）The blind in China study in special schools.

（2）The old are taken good care of in our motherland.

（3）The beautiful is not always the useful.

2.當(dāng)表示時間、金錢、距離、書名、度量衡等數(shù)詞短語作主語時，根據(jù)意義一致原則，通常被看作是一個整體，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。

（4）Three years quickly passes at school.

（5）Two thousand dollars is not enough.

（6）Fifteen miles seems like a long way to walk.

3.當(dāng)一些由兩部分構(gòu)成的表示衣物或工具的名詞作主語時，謂語動詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式，如：clothes，trousers，shoes，shorts，glasses，chopsticks，goods，scissors等。但如果主語由a kind of，a pair of，a series of等加名詞構(gòu)成，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)。

（7）Her trousers are beautiful indeed.

（8）A pair of new shoes is in your suitcase.

4.以集體名詞family，class，group，crowd，enemy，government，crew，public，team等作主語時，如果作為一個整體看待，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式，如果就其中每一個成員而言，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：

（9）My family is going to have a long journey.

（10）The whole class are watching a football match.

5.表示總稱意義形單意復(fù)的名詞，如peole，police，cattle等作主語時，只當(dāng)作復(fù)數(shù)看待，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

（11）The police are searching for a murderer in that mountain.

（12）Cattle are one cause of the problem.

6.名詞所有格之后的名詞被省略的情況一般只指商店、公共建筑物、住宅等，作主語時，動詞一般用單數(shù)。

（13）The baker’s is on the other side of the street.

（14）My aunt’s is not very far from here.

7.國名、報名、劇名、山名、水名、學(xué)科等專有名詞作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。

（15）The United Nations was founded in 1945.

（16）Maths seems to be difficult for me.

8.復(fù)數(shù)形式的單、復(fù)數(shù)同形名詞作主語時，依照意義一致原則，表示單數(shù)意義時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，反之，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。這類名詞有：means，works，species，Chinese，Japanese等。例如：

（17）The glass works was rebuilt in 1990.

（18）Many means have been tried.

9.由“pair，piece of+名詞/代詞”作主語時，謂語動詞與pair，piece等保持一致，與of后的代詞、名詞無關(guān)。例如：

（19）There is a pair of shoes left.

（20）The pieces of stone were then carried to the new place for the temple.

三、毗鄰一致原則

即謂語動詞的數(shù)隨最近的主語而定，又稱就近一致原則。

1.由連詞“or，either...or，neither...nor，not only...but also...，not...but...，whether...or...”等連接的并列主語，謂語動詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于最靠近于它的名詞或代詞。

（1）Not his brothers but he wants to pay you a visit.

（2）Neither we nor she knows the stranger.

2.在倒裝句及there be的結(jié)構(gòu)中，謂語動詞往往與最鄰近的一個主語保持一致。

（3）Where is your mother and younger sisters？

（4）Here comes the bus and two cars.