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新目標英語八年級(下)詞語辨析(Units 7~8)

2008-06-06 09:50:42
中學英語園地·初二版 2008年5期

沈 楊

1. clothes,clothing,cloth,dress

clothes意為“衣服”,包括上衣、內衣、褲子、外衣等。 clothes不能用this/that或數詞來修飾,但可以用many,these,those,a lot of,a few,the,some和my等詞語修飾。 clothes在句中作主語時,謂語動詞應為復數形式。例如:

I always wash my clothes on Sundays. 我總是在星期天洗衣服。

She spends a lot of money on clothes. 她花了很多錢買衣服。

clothing是服裝的總稱,是集合名詞,只有單數形式。 clothing指的范圍比clothes廣,它可以包括clothes指的東西,也可以包括手套、鞋、帽等。例如: winter clothing冬裝,childrens clothing童裝,a piece of clothing一件衣服。

cloth指做衣服用的材料(棉、麻、絲、毛料),即“布、布料”,是不可數名詞。例如:

How much cloth is needed to make a skirt? 做一件裙子需要多少布料?

dress意為“服裝、女裝、童裝、禮服”,尤指兒童日常服裝和連衣裙等。例如:

I have a light green dress. 我有一件淺綠色的連衣裙。

[練習] 用clothes,clothing,cloth或dress填空。

(1) Her______are very expensive.

(2) The coat is made of thin______ .

(3) Our school is between a bookshop and a______shop.

(4) Look! Sheila is wearing a long red______ .

Key: (1) clothes (2) cloth (3) clothing (4) dress

2. aloud,loud,loudly

aloud是副詞,意為“出聲地、大聲地”,相對于默讀而言,強調出聲,但聲音不一定很大,常與read等動詞連用。 aloud修飾call,cry等動詞時,可作“高聲地”解。例如:

Please read the text aloud. 請朗讀課文。

The boy called for help aloud. 這個男孩高聲求救。

loud作形容詞時,意為“響亮的,大聲的”,可用作定語或表語; loud作副詞時,意為“大聲,高聲”,側重給人的感覺,常與speak,shout,laugh,talk等動詞連用。例如:

Suddenly we heard a loud cry. 突然我們聽到一聲大叫。

Speak loud while answering the teachers question. 回答老師的問題時要大聲一點。

loudly是副詞,意為“大聲地、響亮地”,多含有噪音或喧擾聲的意味,有時也含有“有目的地”提高音量,以便讓人聽見之意,可置于所修飾的動詞之前或之后。例如:

Someone is knocking loudly at the door. 有人在大聲地敲門。

She cried loudly. 她嚎啕大哭。

[練習] 用aloud,loud或loudly填空。

(1) Sorry,I cant hear you. Please speak a little______ .

(2) Its good for your English learning to read______every morning.

(3) They______praised the boys behavior. 他們高聲贊揚那個男孩的行為。

Key: (1) louder (2) aloud (3) loudly

3. sound,voice,noise

sound指人們聽到的各種聲音,包括音樂、嗓音、噪聲、有意義或無意義的聲音。例如:

Did you hear the sound of music? 你聽到音樂聲了嗎?

voice指人在說話或唱歌時發出的聲音,也指“嗓音”。例如:

He is not in good voice. 他現在嗓子不好。

noise指不悅耳、令人討厭的喧鬧聲、噪聲。例如:

The old man enjoyed the holiday far away from city noise. 這位老人喜歡在遠離城市喧鬧的地方度假。

Dont make a noise. The baby is sleeping now. 不要弄出響聲來,小孩正在睡覺。

[練習] 用sound,voice或noise填空。

(1) Dont make so much______ . We are having a meeting.

(2) Light travels faster than______ .

(3) The teacher raised her______so that every student in the classroom could hear her.

(4) We heard nothing but the______of running water.

Key: (1) noise (2) sound (3) voice (4) sound

4. put out,put off

put out意為“關掉、熄滅”,除了指電燈熄滅之外,還指火熄滅。此外還有“生產、出版、發表”等意義。例如:

Put out the light at once. 請立即熄燈。

put off也可作“關掉、熄滅”解,但主要指用按開關、旋鈕等機械手段關電燈、收音機,此外它還有“推遲”的意思。例如:

I forgot to put off the radio when I went out. 我出去時忘記關收音機了。

[練習] 用put out或put off填空。

(1) Please______all the lights when you leave the building.

(2)______ all fires before leaving the camping ground.

(3) Tonights concert will be______till next week.

(4) Youll have to______your cigarette(香煙).

Key: (1) put off/put out (2) Put out (3) put off (4) put out

5. accept,receive

accept意為“接受”,是指主語經過考慮而“答應收下”,表示動作是主動的,它的反義詞是refuse(拒絕)。例如:

Please accept my invitation. 請接受我的邀請。

receive意為“收到、接到”,它僅指“收到”這一事實,并不含本人愿不愿意接受的意思。它是動詞send(寄、送)的結果,當表示“收到(信件)、接見、接待及接納(某人)”時,都要用receive,不用accept。 例如:

He received a gift,but he didnt accept it. 他收到了一個禮物,但他沒有接受。

Have you received a letter from her? 你收到她的來信了嗎?

[練習] 用accept或receive填空。

(1) Though the work was difficult,we decided to______it.

(2) Mary______a gift from a friend of hers,but she didnt agree to______it.

(3) Did you______my presents on your birthday?

Key: (1) accept (2) received,accept (3) receive

6. cost,pay,spend,take

這四個動詞都有“花費”之意,但在用法上有所不同。

cost作“花費”解時,相當于口語中的“值或價值”,通常以“物”或“事”為主語。常用句式為“sth costs sb some time/money”。 例如:

This dictionary costs me fifty yuan. 我花50元買了這本字典。

Reading English costs him two hours every day. 他每天花兩個小時讀英語。

pay的意思是“給……報酬、付錢、支付、付出代價”,主語為“人”。常見句式為“sb + pays + (sb) + some money + for sth”。 例如:

I paid much money for the computer. 我買這臺電腦花了很多錢。

You will pay me 20 yuan for the skirt. 這條裙子你得付給我20元。

spend的意思是“花費(金錢、時間等)”,主語為“人”。其常見句式為“sb + spends + some money/time + on sth”或“sb + spends + some money/time + (in) doing sth”。 例如:

I spend much money on books every year. 我每年花好多錢買書。

I usually spend an hour(in) reading English every morning. 每天早上我通常花一個小時讀英語。

take表示“花費”這一意思時,通常用it作形式主語,真正的主語是后面的動詞不定式(短語)。其常見句式為“It takes sb some time/money to do sth”或“sb takes some time/money to do sth”,意為“某人花費一些時間(金錢)去干某事”。例如:

It takes me 15 minutes to go to school by bus. 我上學乘公共汽車需要花費15分鐘時間。

I took 10 years to learn English. 我花了10年的時間學英語。

[練習] 用cost,pay,spend或take填空。

(1) The suit______him 200 yuan.

(2) My brother______200 yuan on the suit.

(3) She______half an hour reading the letter.

(4) The woman took out some money and______for the dress.

(5) It______him 20 minutes to go to work on foot.

Key: (1) cost (2) spent (3) spent (4) paid (5) takes

7. sleep,asleep,sleeping

sleep作名詞用時,意為“睡眠,睡覺”。例如:

He didnt get enough sleep last night. 昨晚他沒有睡足覺。

sleep作動詞用時,強調入睡后的睡眠狀態。例如:

He usually sleeps six hours each night. 他通常每晚睡六個小時。

asleep是形容詞,意為“睡著的”,強調狀態,通常在句中作表語,不可用在名詞前作定語。例如:

The boy was asleep with his head on his arms. 那個男孩頭枕著胳膊睡著了。

sleeping是動詞sleep的現在分詞或動名詞,可放在名詞前面作定語,表示“睡著的、睡覺的”,或表示“睡覺用的”。例如:

The sleeping baby is her son. 這個睡著的小孩是她的兒子。

He bought a sleeping bag before going camping. 去露營前,他買了一個睡袋。

[練習] 用sleep,asleep或sleeping填空。

(1) He fell______during the lecture.

(2) She is still______now.

(3) He often talks in his______ .

(4) Dont wake up the______boy.

Key: (1) asleep (2) sleeping (3) sleep (4) sleeping

8. too many,too much,much too

too many表示“太多的……”,用來修飾可數名詞復數。例如:

There are too many cars running in Beijing. 在北京,來來往往的汽車太多。

too much意為“太多的……”,可用作形容詞詞組,修飾不可數名詞。例如:

If you eat too much sweet food,you will get fat. 如果你吃太多的甜食,就會發胖的。

too much也可用作副詞詞組,修飾動詞、形容詞或其他副詞。例如:

Dont speak too much at the meeting. 會上不要講得太多。

much too表示“太……”之意,用來修飾形容詞或副詞。例如:

The coat is much too big for me. 這件外套對我來說太大了。

Im afraid you are driving much too fast. 恐怕你開車開得太快了。

[練習] 用too many,too much或much too填空。

(1) There is______rain in the south in summer.

(2) There are______people waiting at the bus stop now.

(3) Its______hot this summer.

(4) We have______homework to do every day.

(5) If you miss______lessons,you may fail your exam.

Key: (1) too much (2) too many (3) much too (4) too much

(5) too many

9. instead of,instead

instead是副詞,意為“代替、頂替、反而、卻”。 instead位于句末時,其前不用逗號。 instead位于句首時,其后可用逗號,也可不用。例如:

Give me a red one instead. 給我換個紅的吧。

Last year I went to Qingdao. This year Im going to Shanghai instead. 去年我去了青島,今年我不去青島了,打算去上海。

instead of是短語介詞,意為“代替,而不是”,后跟名詞、代詞、動名詞或介詞短語。例如:

Please give me the red box instead of the yellow one. 請把那個紅盒子給我,我不要那個黃的。

They went there on foot instead of by bus. 他們沒有乘公共汽車而是步行到那里去的。

[練習] 用instead或instead of填空。

(1) He is tired. Let me do it______ .

(2) She will come to the meeting______him.

(3) She will give the class______Mr Li.

(4) If you cant go to play basketball,let him go______ .

Key: (1) instead (2) instead of (3) instead of (4) instead

10. nearly,almost

nearly,almost都表示“幾乎、將近、差不多”,可與動詞、形容詞、副詞、名詞等連用,在肯定句中一般可互換使用。例如:

He is almost/nearly as tall as I. 他幾乎和我一樣高。

It is nearly/almost eleven oclock. 差不多11點了。

I almost/nearly didnt hear what she said. 我幾乎沒聽清她說些什么。

但兩者有如下區別: ① almost能和anything/nothing/anyone/anybody/nobody以及 more than,too連用,而nearly則不能。例如:

Almost none of us knew the animal. 我們中幾乎沒一個人認識那動物。

I have almost nothing to do today. 我今天幾乎無事可做。

② 在表示感情或思想狀況時,用almost,不能用nearly。 例如:

I almost wish I could fly. 我幾乎希望我會飛。

③ 在not,pretty,very之后只能用nearly,不用almost。 例如:

The car hit the child very nearly. 汽車差一點撞著那孩子。

④ 在具體數字前面,用nearly,不用almost。 例如:

The building is nearly thirty meters high. 這座大樓幾乎有30米高。

[練習] 用almost或nearly填空。

(1) The old couple have got______no help from their sons.

(2) The room is not______ready for the guest.

(3) The seasons of the year in England and the USA are______the same.

Key: (1) almost (2) nearly (3) nearly/almost

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