非謂語動詞面面觀

在英語中，充當句子謂語的動詞叫非謂語動詞。非謂語動詞不受主語的人稱、數及時態、語態的限制，所以也叫非限定性動詞。初中階段要求掌握的非謂語動詞的形式有兩種：動詞不定式和動名詞。

一、動詞不定式

1. 不定式符號to的省略

動詞不定式以在動詞原形前加to為標志。但在有些情況下，to可以省略。

（1）做賓語

動詞不定式在動詞help后做賓語時，to可以省略。若介詞but， except， besides前有實義動詞do，后常用不帶to的不定式做賓語；其余動詞后的不定式帶to或不帶to皆可。如：

She will help (to) mend the coat for you.

她將幫你補衣服。

There was nothing for the enemy to do but surrender.

敵人除了投降別無選擇。

He did nothing all day except practice reading loudly.

他一整天除了大聲練習朗讀什么也沒做。

What do you like to do besides swim?

除了游泳你還喜歡做什么？

He had no choice but (to) obey.

他別無選擇，只有服從。

（2）做表語

做表語的動詞不定式用來說明上文do的內容時，to可以省略，其他情況則不能省略。試比較：

What he's done is (to) spoil the whole thing.

他所做的就是把整件事情弄糟了。

Her wish is to become a train driver.

她的愿望是成為一名火車司機。

（3）做賓語補足語

①不定式置于動詞see， notice， hear， feel， look at， listen to 的賓語后時，要省略不定式to。如：

Look at those children play.

看那些孩子玩耍。

Her whole life was spent listening to other people talk.

她的一生都是在聽別人講話中度過的。

但是，當這些動詞用于被動語態時，它們之后用作主語補足語的動詞不定式不能省略to。如：

He was seen to enter the house.

有人看見他進屋了。

②當不定式置于使役動詞make， have以及動詞let和leave的賓語后時，要省略不定式to。如：

He made her do so.

他讓她這樣做的。

We will have the boy mail this letter.

我們將讓這個男孩兒去寄這封信。

Let there be no mistake about it.

這事可別出錯。

Leave him go.

放他走。

2. 動詞不定式接介詞的幾個問題

（1）當被修飾的中心詞與做定語的不定式在意義上是動賓關系，并且不定式是“動詞＋介詞”這類動詞短語時，動詞后的介詞不能去掉。如：

Mr. Johnson was a difficult person to wait on.

約翰遜先生是一個很難伺候的人。

He is a man not to be looked down upon.

他是一個不可小看的人。

（2）在不定式做狀語修飾做表語的形容詞的句子中，一種情況是：不定式為“動詞+介詞”這類動詞短語，且句子的主語與不定式在意義上是動賓關系；另一種情況是：不定式中的動詞為及物動詞或者不及物動詞，句子的主語與不定式在意義上是動狀關系，表示不定式動作的發生地點、所用工具等。這兩種情況都需要在不定式后保留或添加適當的介詞。如：

The wounded soldier was not easy for the nurse to take care of.

對護士而言這個傷員很難照料。

No table is long enough for us to play table tennis on.

沒有桌子長得夠我們在上面打乒乓球。

The lake is safe to swim in.

在這個湖里游泳是安全的。

再看下面兩個句子：

The workers made the road wide enough for heavy trucks to pass through.

為了讓重型卡車可以通過，工人們把這條公路加寬了。

Mr. Brown found the shabby bed uncomfortable to sleep on.

布朗先生發現睡在這張破舊的床上不舒服。

這兩個句子中的不定式與句中的形容詞有關系，不過這里的形容詞已不再充當表語，而是做賓語補足語。這就說明，在帶復合賓語的句子中，如果不定式與充當賓補的形容詞有關系，并且該句的賓語是不定式的邏輯賓語或表示其動作發生的地點、方式時，必須在不定式后保留或加上一個適當的介詞。

（3）當不定式（或不定式復合結構）做表語時，如果主語是不定式（及物動詞或不及物動詞均可）的邏輯賓語或表示其動作的發生地點、所用工具等，也需要在不定式后加上一個適當的介詞。如：

This problem is for you to deal with.

這個問題該你解決。

The matter is not to be trifled with.

這件事可不是鬧著玩的。

The money is for you to buy books with.

這筆錢是供你買書用的。

但是如果中心詞是time， moment， place， way 等時，不定式后邊的介詞可省略。如：

It's time to go to bed.

是睡覺的時候了。

Mathilde never had a moment to rest.

瑪蒂爾德從沒有片刻休息。

I can't find a place to sleep.

我找不到一個睡覺的地方。

Some people say the best way to travel is on foot.

有些人說旅行的最好方式是步行。

（4）當被修飾的中心詞與做定語的不定式在意義上是動狀關系，即中心詞表示不定式動作的發生地點、所用工具等時，不定式后一般要用一個適當的介詞來表示這種關系。

It's getting dark. We have to find a hotel to live in.

天快黑了，我們得找個旅館住下。

They want to buy some sickles to cut rice with.

他們想買幾把鐮刀來割稻谷。

二、動名詞

動名詞具有名詞的特性，在句子中主要做主語、賓語。

1. 動名詞做主語。一般情況下，動名詞表示一種抽象的、泛指的動作，而不是一次性的、具體的動作。動名詞做主語的句子常用it做形式主語。如：

It is dangerous swimming in this river.

在這條河里游泳很危險。

2. 動名詞做賓語。英語中有些動詞只能接動名詞做賓語，常見的動詞有：enjoy， excuse， finish， mind， practice， miss， can't help等。如：

I enjoyed reading this novel.

我喜歡讀這本小說。

They finished writing the composition yesterday.

他們昨天就寫完了這篇作文。

When she heard the bad news， she couldn't help crying.

她聽到這個壞消息，不禁哭了起來。

三、動名詞和不定式的區別

1. 一般來說，動名詞表示一種抽象的、泛指的動作；而不定式則表示一次性的、具體的動作。換句話說，動名詞通常不與特定的動作發出者聯系在一起，而不定式卻恰恰相反。試比較：

Lying is wrong.

說謊是不對的。（泛指lie這種做法或行為）

To lie is wrong.

說謊是不對的。（對于說謊者是誰，說話人心中是有所指的）

Michael likes swimming very much.

邁克爾非常喜歡游泳。（指游泳這項運動）

Michael likes to swim in the river.

邁克爾喜歡在河里游泳。（指具體在什么地方游泳）

2. 動名詞與不定式做某些動詞的直接賓語時的比較：

（1）try doing sth. 表示“嘗試著做某事”；try to do sth. 表示“設法做某事”。試比較：

I'll try doing it in a new way.

我將用一種新方法試著做做看。

I once tried to learn Japanese.

我曾試著學日語。

（2）mean doing sth. 表示“意味著……，意思是……”；mean to do sth. 表示“打算做某事，想要做某事。”試比較：

Giving up the job means missing a good opportunity.

放棄這份工作意味著錯過一個好機會。

I mean to help him with it.

我打算幫他做這件事。

（3）forget doing sth. 表示“忘記曾做過某事”；forget to do sth. 表示“忘記要做某事”。試比較：

The man forgot turning off the light.

那人忘了已經關上燈的事。

The man forgot to turn off the light when he left the room.

那人離開房間時忘記關燈了。

（4）remember doing sth. 表示“記得曾做過某事”；remember to do sth. 表示“記住要做某事”。試比較：

The man remembered turning off the light when he left the room.

那人離開房間時記得把燈關上了。

Remember to turn off the light when you leave the room.

離開房間時記得把燈關上。

（5）stop doing sth. 表示“停止正在做的事”；stop to do sth. 表示“停下來去做另外一件事”，不定式是目的狀語。試比較：

The baby stopped crying when she saw her mother.

那個小孩兒看到她母親，停止了哭泣。

They stopped to have a rest.

他們停下來休息。

（6）go on doing sth. 表示“繼續做原來的事”；go on to do sth. 表示“接著去做另外一件事”。試比較：

After a short while they went on working.

過了一會兒，他們又繼續工作了。

Let's go on to do the next problem.

咱們接著看下一個問題。

一、 單項選擇

1. -You've done very well this time.-It's really kind______.

A. for you to say soB. for you saying so

C. of you to say soD. of you saying so

2. It is better to lose one's life than ______.

A. if you lose your spiritB. losing his spirit

C. to lose one's spirit D. your spirit getting lost

3. -I can't work it out this way. -Why not______it some other way?

A. try to doB. try doing

C. trying to do D. trying doing

4. To say is one thing， and______is another.

A. to do B. doingC. to do it D. saying it

5. Since you find it difficult ______a decision， you'd better ______ a discussion with your parents.

A. reach; haveB. reaching; have

C. reach; having D. to reach; have

6. He would rather go than______here for the night.

A. to stay B. stayC. staying D. stayed

7.The purpose of mastering a new technology is to make life easier，______it more difficult.

A. not makeB. not to make

C. not making D. do not make

8. I've worked with children before， so I know what______ in my new job.

A. expected B. expects

C. to expect D. to be expecting

9.There isn't any difference between the two. I really don'tknow__________ .

A. where to choose B. what to choose

C. which to choose D. to choose which

10. She didn't know whether to sell her books or__________.

A. to keep them for reference

B. if she should keep them for reference

C. keeping them for reference

D. kept them for reference

11. Paul doesn't have to be made _______ .He always works hard.

A. learnB. to learnC. learned D. learning

12. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street， but his mother told him_______ .

A. not toB. not to doC. not do it D. do not to

13. The patient was warned_______oily food after the operation.

A. to eat notB.eating not C. not to eatD. not eating

14. I would love_________to the party last night， but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.

A. to goB. to have goneC. goingD. having gone

15. Nobody noticed the thief slip into the house because the lights happened to_________.

A. be put upB. give inC. be turned onD. go out

16. Robber is said _________ abroad， but I don't know what country

he studied in.

A. to have studiedB. to study

C. to be studyingD. to have been studying

17. My father hates________. He never allows me_________ .

A. to smoke; to smoke B. smoking; smoking

C. smoke; smokingD. smoking; to smoke

18. The girl was beginning_______.

A. get angryB. to get angry

C. getting angryD. angry

19. The Internet makes it easy __________ much new information in a

short time.

A. getB. to get C. gets D. getting

20. Do you mind _________ the window?

A. my opening B. my to open

C. if I am going to open D. if I will open

二、根據句意用括號中所給單詞的適當形式完成句子

1. The box is too heavy for me_______ (carry).

2. They're busy__________(prepare) their lessons.

3. The question is when________(begin) the meeting.

4. The boss made them__________(work) ten hours a day.

5. Father is sleeping. You'd better_________(keep) quiet.

6. Would you mind my________(stand) here?

7. Tell those children not__________(swim) there. It's dangerous.

8. When the sun is down， the stars are bright enough_________(see).

9. Some boys of Class One enjoy _________(listen) to music.

10. It is said that to teach a man fishing is better than________(give) him fish.

11. After they read Lesson One， they went on________(read) Lesson Two.

12. They stopped_________(talk) when their teacher came into the classroom.

13. It takes me thirty minutes _______(get) home from my school by bike.

14. She likes_______ (play) the piano， but she doesn't like ________(play) it today.

15. My grandpa was made________(work) over ten hours a day by the boss when he was young.

一、1～5 CCBAD 6～10 BBCCA

11～15 BACBD 16～20 ADBBA

二、1. to carry2. preparing3. to begin

4. work5. keep6. standing7. to swim

8. to be seen 9. listening10. to give

11. to read 12. talking13. to get

14. playing， to play15. to work

編輯/丁俊玲