使用引號(hào),直接引用他人的話,在語(yǔ)法上叫直接引語(yǔ);去掉引號(hào),轉(zhuǎn)述他人的話,叫間接引語(yǔ)。由于間接引語(yǔ)是用引述人的語(yǔ)言把被引述的原話轉(zhuǎn)述出來(lái),所以在轉(zhuǎn)述時(shí)有的內(nèi)容要進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)淖兓?,而有時(shí)卻不需要變化?,F(xiàn)對(duì)這兩種情況歸納如下:
一、“變”的情況
1.人稱的變化
(1)直接引語(yǔ)是第一人稱,在間接引語(yǔ)中轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榈谌朔Q。如:
He said, “I like reading.”
他說(shuō):“我喜歡看書(shū)?!?/p>
He said he liked reading.
他說(shuō)他喜歡看書(shū)。
(2)直接引語(yǔ)是第二人稱,如果原話是針對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)述人說(shuō)的,轉(zhuǎn)換為第一人稱;若是針對(duì)第三人稱說(shuō)的,轉(zhuǎn)換為第三人稱。如:
“You should listen carefully,” the teacher said to me.
老師對(duì)我說(shuō):“你應(yīng)該仔細(xì)聽(tīng)講?!?/p>
The teacher said to me that I should listen carefully.
老師對(duì)我說(shuō)我應(yīng)該仔細(xì)聽(tīng)講。
“You mustn’t play football in the street,” the policeman said to the boys.
警察對(duì)孩子們說(shuō):“不準(zhǔn)在大街上踢球?!?/p>
The policeman said to the boys they mustn’t play football in the street.
警察對(duì)孩子們說(shuō)不準(zhǔn)他們?cè)诖蠼稚咸咔颉?/p>
(3)人稱的轉(zhuǎn)換還包括形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞的相應(yīng)變化。如:
He said, “I have lost my backpack.”
他說(shuō):“我把雙肩背包弄丟了。”
He said that he had lost his backpack.
他說(shuō)他把雙肩背包弄丟了。
She said, “The book on the desk is mine.”
她說(shuō):“桌子上的書(shū)是我的。”
She said that the book on the desk was hers.
她說(shuō)桌子上的書(shū)是她的。
2.句子結(jié)構(gòu)的變化
(1)直接引語(yǔ)如果是陳述句,變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí),用連詞that引導(dǎo),在口語(yǔ)中that常被省略。如:
She says, “I will leave a message on the desk.”
她說(shuō):“我將在桌子上留下便條?!?/p>
She says (that) she will leave a message on the desk.
她說(shuō)她將在桌子上留下便條。
(2)直接引語(yǔ)如果是一般疑問(wèn)句、選擇疑問(wèn)句或反意疑問(wèn)句,變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí),常用連詞if或whether引導(dǎo),語(yǔ)序要用陳述語(yǔ)序。如:
He said, “Has she come?”
他說(shuō):“她已經(jīng)來(lái)了嗎?”
He asked if she had come.
他問(wèn)她是否已經(jīng)來(lái)了。
Her brother said, “Does she know it or not?”
她弟弟說(shuō):“她知道了嗎?”
Her brother asked whether she knew it or not.
她弟弟問(wèn)她是否知道。
(3)直接引語(yǔ)如果是特殊疑問(wèn)句,變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí),仍用原來(lái)的疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo),語(yǔ)序要用陳述語(yǔ)序。如:
He asked, “When will we arrive?”
他說(shuō):“我們將什么時(shí)候到達(dá)?”
He asked when they would arrive.
他問(wèn)他們將什么時(shí)候到達(dá)。
He said, “What class are you in?”
他說(shuō):“你在哪班?”
He asked what class I was in.
他問(wèn)我在哪班。
(4)直接引語(yǔ)如果是祈使句,變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí),一般用帶to的不定式做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用ask, tell, order, advise, request等。如:
He says, “Close the door.”
他說(shuō):“關(guān)門(mén)?!?/p>
He asked you to close the door.
他讓你關(guān)門(mén)。
“Don’t go out,” she says to me.
她說(shuō):“別出去?!?/p>
She told me not to go out.
她告訴我不要出去。
3.時(shí)態(tài)的變化
(1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)變?yōu)橐话氵^(guò)去時(shí)。如:
He said, “This book is yours.”
他說(shuō):“這本書(shū)是你的?!?/p>
He said that book was mine.
他說(shuō)那本書(shū)是我的。
(2)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。如:
She said, “The children are reading a text.”
她說(shuō):“孩子們正在讀課文?!?/p>
She said the children were reading a text.
她說(shuō)孩子們正在讀課文。
(3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去完成時(shí)。如:
He said, “I have finished my homework.”
他說(shuō):“我已經(jīng)做完作業(yè)了。”
He said he had finished his homework.
他說(shuō)他已經(jīng)做完作業(yè)了。
(4)一般將來(lái)時(shí)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。如:
He said, “I’ll wait for you outside the school gate.”
他說(shuō):“我將在校門(mén)外等你?!?/p>
He said he would wait for me outside the school gate.
他說(shuō)他將在校門(mén)外等我。
(5)一般過(guò)去時(shí)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去完成時(shí)。如:
She said, “I returned the book to the library.”
她說(shuō):“我把書(shū)還給圖書(shū)館了?!?/p>
She said she had returned the book to the library.
她說(shuō)她把書(shū)還給圖書(shū)館了。
4.時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)及某些對(duì)比性的指示代詞和動(dòng)詞等的變化,如:yesterday變?yōu)閠he day before;here 變?yōu)閠here;come變?yōu)間o;this變?yōu)閠hat;these變?yōu)閠hose等。如:
He said, “I will stay here.”
他說(shuō):“我將待在這兒?!?/p>
He said that he would stay there.
他說(shuō)他將待在那兒。
“I bought these flowers for you,” she said.
她說(shuō):“這些花我是為你買(mǎi)的?!?/p>
She said she bought those flowers for me.
她說(shuō)那些花她是為我買(mǎi)的。
二、“不變”的情況
1.當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),間接引語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)不變。如:
He asks, “Where do you come from?”
他問(wèn):“你來(lái)自哪里?”
He asks where I come from.
他問(wèn)我來(lái)自哪里。
2.直接引語(yǔ)部分有具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí),間接引語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)不變。如:
“It happened in 2000,” he said.
他說(shuō):“那件事發(fā)生在2000年?!?/p>
He said it happened in 2000.
他說(shuō)那件事發(fā)生在2000年。
3.直接引語(yǔ)是客觀事實(shí)、自然現(xiàn)象、諺語(yǔ)、格言等,間接引語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)不變。如:
The boy asked, “Does water freeze at 0℃?”
男孩問(wèn):“水是否在0℃結(jié)冰?”
The boy asked if water freezes at 0℃.
男孩問(wèn)水是否在0℃結(jié)冰。
The teacher said, “The earth turns around the sun.”
老師說(shuō):“地球圍繞太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)?!?/p>
The teacher said the earth turns around the sun.
老師說(shuō)地球圍繞太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。
4.如果是在當(dāng)時(shí)、當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述,時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)及某些對(duì)比性的指示代詞和動(dòng)詞等也可不變。如:
He said, “I came here three days ago.”
他說(shuō):“我是3天前來(lái)這兒的?!?/p>
He said he came here three days ago.
他說(shuō)他是3天前來(lái)這兒的。
5.如果是說(shuō)話人自己引述自己的話,有關(guān)的人稱代詞不用變化。人稱代詞的轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)則不是固定的,只要符合邏輯就行。如:
I said, “If you don’t keep quiet, I will get you out.”
我說(shuō):“如果你不保持安靜,我將讓你出去。”
I said to him if he didn’t keep quiet, I would get him out.
我對(duì)他說(shuō)如果他不保持安靜,我將讓他出去。