“Ａｉｒ Ｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎ：Ｗｈａｔ ｃａｎ Ｉ ｈｅｌｐ ｔｏ ｒｅｄｕｃｅ？”一課雙語教學設計

摘要：以一節雙語活動課為例，闡述了如何進行化學雙語教學的設計和實施，并對此雙語課進行了小結和反思。

關鍵詞：活動課程；雙語教學；教學設計

文章編號：1005－6629(2008)03－0050－03中圖分類號：G633.8 文獻標識碼：B

環境保護是高中化學教材中的一個重要主題，本節課以“Air Pollution:What can I help to reduce”為主題，學生運用實驗、調查、分析、討論和歸納的學習方法，通過圖書館、網絡，訪問專家等方式查找和了解各種學習資源，收集和分析資料。學生興趣濃厚、積極活躍地展示自己的觀點和實踐過程，對很多問題提出了創新性的解決方法。實踐表明：學生利用互聯網去收索英文信息，作為學科知識的課余補充，不僅可以直接了解國外學科發展的最新動態，更主要的是可以學會一種自主學習的方法和技能。教師在課堂上為學生創造一個真實、寬松的英語環境，鼓勵他們用英語表達，培養他們的語感。

1“空氣污染及防治對策（Air Pollution:What can I help to reduce?）”的雙語教學設計

1.1 學情分析

本市A校是一所市重點中學，高一學生已經具備一定的英語聽、說、讀、寫水平，某些優秀學生甚至能用英語流利地交談。學生可以自由選擇感興趣的活動課，人數少，課堂參與度高。

1.2 教學內容和教材的選擇

為保證活動主題的適宜和可行，選題時應遵循生活性和實踐性這兩個基本原則。選編的教學內容不追求知識的深度和難度，主要培養學生實踐活動能力和興趣，學生能輕松用英語表達，并積極投入。教師備課參考教材包括“through diagrams CHEMISTRY” (牛津圖解中學化學)，“麥克米倫中學雙語教材系列—化學 教師用書”，美國大學化學教材“General Chemistry”，化學教育英文期刊，如Journal of Chemical Education，Journal of Sciencel Education。提供學生瀏覽的網絡學習資源：Indoor Outdoor Air Pollution（室內和室外的空氣污染），www.lbl.gov/Education/ELSI/pollution-main.html；這是一個以空氣污染為主題的網絡課堂網站，有資料、討論、分角色扮演游戲、關于煤炭污染的學生分析實驗等；China And The World：Discuss The Environment（中國與世界，環境危機大家談）www.chinadialogue.net/blog/show/single/en/349-Half-of-Chinese-cities-suffer-from-severe-air-pollution；等。

1.3 活動教學目標

1.3.1了解和說出有關空氣污染的狀況，分析導致空氣污染的原因，討論和找出解決空氣質量問題的合適方法。

1.3.2 學習分析、歸納的方法，形成解決問題的能力。

1.3.3 學習新單詞和詞組，練習用所學專業英語表達專業領域中的知識。

1.4 活動教學模式和手段

合作學習，分組討論，分角色表演，多媒體輔助教學。

1.5 準備活動

教師準備：收集和整理需要的素材和資料，如：圖片，錄音，視頻，專有名詞解釋；對各小組的準備活動給予指導和協調。

學生準備：在上一次活動課中，學生自由組合3個小組，每組采用化學實驗、查閱檔案資料和個人調查的方法，分別調查了家庭、城市中心和工業區的空氣質量，并整理、歸納出資料；在本次活動課之前準備英文提問及英文回答；各推薦1名組員展示本組的分析結果和應對措施。

1.6 教學過程

Step 1 Introduction［第一部分 導入］

［用空氣質量變化的圖片和居住地的空氣質量狀況，采用問答的方式，引導學生描述圖片中所呈現的空氣質量情況和居住地的空氣質量。］

Teacher: Hello everyone ! Today， we'll have a well known of the air quality around us ， and try our best to improve it.

Air is the ocean we breathe. Air supplies us with oxygen which is essential for our bodies healthy. Now please look at these pictures. Would you like to say something about the air quality around us?

Students1:Many factories were built everywhere， but the waste gases are giving off everyday.

Students2：The fire power stations give off SO₂ (sulfur dioxide) which has terrible smell.

SO₂ makes us uncomfortable， if we inbreathe too much， this kind of gas may does harm to our health. What's more， SO₂ also leads to the acid rain. The acid rain can not only lead to the acidification of soil and river but also damage the buildings.

Students3： People living in the world should breathe the air everyday， but the quality of the air around us is getting on our nerves nowadays. Some disease such as cough， sore throat， respiratory disease and heart trouble are all caused by the poor air. So the polluted air has becoming a big urgent problem before us.

Teacher: It can cause health problems and it can also damage the environment and property. It has caused thinning of the protective ozone layer of the atmosphere， which is leading to climate change.

Students4：(showing the graph)At least 80% residents live in the enviroment of poor air. From the graph， Beijing， Shanghai， Tianjing， Xian， Guangzhou are the most polluted cities.

［調查你們家附近的空氣狀況，并填寫表格］

Teacher: Yes， the air around us is becoming terrible， so we should pay more attention to it and change this situation.

Then， make a survey of the air pollution near your home and answer these questions.

Describe the situation of the air you have investigated somewhere. what had happened when air pollution appeared?

(1) What are the reasons that lead to the air pollution? Then try to classify these reasons with your knowledge

（2）List your oppinons and discuss on how to solve the problem in group

Step 2Analyze， discuss and answer questions ［第二部分，討論、分析、回答問題］

［組織學生根據本組所得到的實驗結果、數據和信息資料分析、討論、回答問題，教師認真傾聽，將學生的主要觀點記錄下來，用于比較］

What is air pollution?What are some of the reasons that cause air pollution?［投影問題］

Teacher: Can you describe what air pollution is?

What are some of the reasons that cause air pollution?

I'd like you to have a discussion. And then tell me something about it.

Now please have the group work!

［學生交流、討論、嘗試用英語描述和回答］

Students1: Air pollution refers to contamination of the air by harmful gases or particles. It is harmful to our health and the environment.

Pollutants can be released by individuals， homes， automobiles， and industries.

Teacher: Yes， Good idea! Air pollution is the contamination of air by the discharge of harmful substances.

Students2: There are so many reasons. For instance， smoking， burning leaves， stack gases from cars， factory， food rotting， using drugs.

Students3：the reasons include: (show this table when talking )

Flue gas from factories:SO₂， chloride， oxidation products with particulates

Burning coal at home:particulates， SO₂， CO₂， other oxides.

Stack gas from cars:SO₂， NO₂， CO， hydrocarbon

Smoking: NO₂，CO， particulates，mercury， plum- bum

Burning damps:NOx， CO， SOx， HCl， H₂O， HF， compounds of metals， particulates

Teacher: What are the two types of air pollutant mentioned in the book? Describle them briefly with one or more examples.

［學生描述］

Step3: Find and discuss the appropriate ways to solve the problem 。［第三部分，角色扮演，換位置思考如何解決問題］

What can you do to reduce air polltuion? ［投影問題］

Teacher: Everyone can play a role in preventing and reducing air pollution.

Once the sources of air pollution are identified， The methods for preventing the release of pollutants can be explored.

If you are a mayor， or a factory director， or a parent， or a children， what are your ideas ? Is there anything that you can do to help decrease the amount of air pollution?

Students1:I am a factory director， I will improve on the equipments and recycling technology. to reduce or minimize the impact of air pollution.

Students2: I am a middle school student， I will be an enviroment protector， call on farmers to reduce burning damps and grass in the farmland.

At home or school，I can save electricity by using energy-efficient lighting wherever possible. Make sure that lights and appliances are turned off when not in use.

Students3: First， I will tell a story. Prior to the 1984 Summer Olympic Games in Los Angeles， there was considerable concern that the region's heavily polluted summer air would adversely affect Olympic competitors. The regional air quality agency， city and county officials， transit companies， and area employers developed a plan for staggered working hours that resulted infewer cars and buses on the road. The driving and riding public cooperated. The result was a twelve percent drop in ground-level ozone (smog) levels during that period!

If I am a mayor of this city ， I will reform the pubic transport and cycle lanes in towns and cities， people would be less likely to use their cars， the overall amount of pollution will be reduced greatly!

Teacher: Now you know more about reducing air pollution than most people. Try some of the ways described above. It will make a difference. Then， let other people know what you've found out。

Step4: Summary［第四部分，小結］

［投影，教師小結］

Let's come to a conclusion.

One of the formal definitions of air pollution is as follows: ‘The presence in the atmosphere of one or more contaminants in such quality and for such duration as is injurious， or tends to be injurious， to human health or welfare， animal or plant life.’

Listed below are the major air pollutants：

Carbon monoxide(CO)， Carbon dioxide (CO₂)，Chloroflorocarbons (CFC)，Lead，Ozone，Nitrogen oxide (NOx)，Suspended particulate matter (SPM)，Sulphur dioxide (SO₂)

You can help to reduce global air pollution and climate change bywalking， bicycling， and using mass transit when possible.

Replace incandescent light bulbs with compact fluorescent bulbs，make you home more energy efficient， and buy only energy efficient appliances.

Recycle newspapers， aluminum， and other materials.

Plant trees and avoid purchasing products such as Styrofoam that contain CFCs.

Support much stricter clean air laws and enforcement of international treaties to reduce ozone depletion and slow global warming.

……

There are many ways to reduce air pollution. People can contribute significantly to cleaning the air if they take certain simple actions to reduce air pollution.

2 教學小結和反思

在這堂雙語課中，學生經過課前準備和課堂參與這個完整的學習過程，動手能力、合作意識和交流表達能力都得到較大提高。他們逐漸習慣運用英語表達自己的觀點，輕松地交流。

由于英美國家中小學非常注意環境教育，關于這個主題，網上有豐富的網絡教學資源和科普資料，但需要教師認真比較和選擇合適的教學內容和方法。教師在教學設計過程中，最大的收獲是對主題領域的知識和發展狀況有了豐富的認識，并且能逐漸熟練地查閱英文網站，熟悉國外相關主題資源的建設情況。另外，在課后還需有意識地將多媒體教學資源，雙語教學策略資源等分類管理，在教學中不斷完善和豐富，形成專題系列。

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