非謂語動詞是英語高考語法題中重點考查的對象之一,包括不定式、動名詞、現在分詞和過去分詞四個部分。這里簡要介紹一下現在分詞的用法。
現在分詞是由動詞原形加詞尾-ing構成。現在分詞既有動詞的性質,又有形容詞性質。在句中可作表語、定語、狀語和補語等。
1. 作表語?,F在分詞作表語表示抽象的一般性的行為,放在be動詞之后。如:
Our work is serving the people.
His hobby is collecting stamps.
2. 作定語。單個的分詞作定語一般放在被修飾詞的前面。如:
reading room閱覽室
swimming pool游泳池
waiting room候車室
①現在分詞短語作定語應放在被修飾詞的后面,也相當于一個定語從句。如:
They lived in a house facing south.
②現在分詞還可以作非限制性定語,相當于一個非限制性定語從句,常用逗號和句子其他部分分開。如:
The words,usually dealing with current work,were mostly written by himself.
When she appeared,John,wearing a dirty and worn-out overcoat, ran to her with joy.
3. 作狀語??梢员硎緯r間、原因、結果、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等。
①現在分詞短語作時間狀語,相當于一個時間狀語從句,有時可由連詞when, while引出。如:
While reading the book, he nodded from time to time.
Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood.
②現在分詞短語作原因狀語,相當于一個原因狀語從句。如:
Not knowing his address, I can’t send this book to him.
③現在分詞短語作結果狀語。如:
She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces.
④現在分詞作伴隨狀語,可以放在句子的前面、后面或中間,表示主語的另一個較次要的動作。如:
They stood there for half an hour watching the stars in the sky.
⑤現在分詞有時也可作條件狀語和讓步狀語,相當于一個狀語從句。現在分詞作狀語時,它的邏輯主語就是整個句子的主語。如:
A person standing at the foot of a high mountain will find himself very small.
Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.
⑥“with/without+名詞或代詞賓格+現在分詞”結構在句中作狀語,表示伴隨情況或時間、原因等。如:
His hair became grey with the years passing.
Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window.
4. 作補語。
①在表示感覺或心理狀態的動詞和表示“致使”等意義的動詞如:see, hear, notice, watch, feel, look at, listen to, observe, have, get, leave, keep, set, catch, find后面與一個名詞或代詞構成一個復合賓語,作賓語補足語。如:
I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car.
②上面這類句子變成被動語態時,現在分詞可看成是主語補足語。如:
We were kept waiting for quite a long time.
5. 現在分詞的獨立結構。通常由“名詞或代詞的主格+現在分詞”構成,常用作狀語,置于句首或句末,偶爾也置于句中。如:
Weather permitting, we’ll have the match tomorrow.(表條件)
He guiding her, they stumbled through the street.(表方式)
6. 現在分詞的時態和語態。
①現在分詞可以像動詞那樣表現時態意義,有一般式(doing)和完成式(having done)之分。
一般式表示動名詞的動作與謂語動詞的動作同時發生或在其后發生,完成式表示現在分詞的動作在謂語動詞的動作之前發生。例如:
Being a student, he was interested in books.
Having studied in the university for 3 years, he knows the way very well.
②現在分詞的被動式表示它的邏輯主語是現在分詞動作的承受者?,F在分詞的被動式有一般被動式(being done)和完成被動式(having been done)之分。例如:
The question being discussed is important.
Having been criticized by the teacher, Li Ming gave up smoking.
7. 高中階段一些固定的現在分詞短語如generally speaking(一般來說),judging from...(根據……來判斷), considering...(考慮到……),talking of...(談到……,提到……),supposing...(假如……)等,它們的邏輯主語和句子的主語不一致。這種短語可以被稱之為句子的狀語,也可當作一個插入語。
Judging from his accent, he must come from Canada.
Considering how poor he was, we decided to let him attend the concert for free.
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