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非謂語動詞

2006-01-01 00:00:00
閱讀與作文(英語初中版) 2006年5期

一、 考點難點精講

(一)動詞不定式

動詞不定式的基本形式是:“to+動詞原形”,有時可以不帶to。不帶to的不定式與動詞原形同形,但它不是原形,而是一種語法形式。除基本助動詞do 和情態動詞外,英語動詞都有不定式形式。

1 不定式有時態、語態變化(以do為例)

2動詞不定式的句法作用

(1)動詞不定式短語作主語時謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數。有時可用先行詞it作形式主語,把動詞不定式短語放在謂語動詞后面。如:

To obey the laws is everyone's duty.

=It is everyone's duty to obey the laws.

服從法律是每個人的職責。

To learn English well is not easy.

=It isn't easy to learn English well.

學好英語不容易。

(2)作表語

作表語,一般緊跟在系動詞 be,seem, get 等后面,用以說明主語。如:

The question is when to start.

問題是什么時候啟程。

They seem to have a lot of money.

他們似乎有很多錢。

What we have to do first is to find a solution.

我們得做的第一件事是找出一個解決辦法。

[注意]

當不定式所作的表語僅用來說明主語的內容時,這個不定式只作單純的表語,而不具有未來的含義。

(3)作賓語

能以不定式作賓語的動詞很多,常見的有:agree, begin, decide, expect, forget, hope, learn, like, manage, pretend, start, try want wish, ……等。如:

Do you wish to see the manager?

你想見經理嗎?

He likes to have a good meal at midday.

他喜歡中午吃一頓好飯。

有些動詞,如:tell, advise, show, teach , know, forget, learn, remember, show, understand ,see, wonder, hear ,find out, explain, decide, discuss, ……等后面,常用帶疑問詞的不定式作賓語,如:

We asked how to get to the station.

我們問怎么到達車站。

Have you decided where to go for your holidays?

你們決定到哪兒度假了嗎?

(4)作定語

He has a lot of books to read.

他有許多書要讀。

I have no time to waste.

我沒有時間可浪費。

[注意]

不定式修飾 something, anything, nothing時,放在它們的后面。如果something, anything, nothing有形容詞來修飾,詞序是something(nothing……)+形容詞+不定式。如:

My father had something to do.

我父親有事要辦。

Would you like something to drink?

你想喝點什么嗎?

(5)作狀語

不定式常可用作狀語,修飾動詞,表示行為的目的、結果、原因等。一般放在被修飾詞之后,但在表示目的時,為了強調也可放在句首。

1 作目的狀語

為加強語氣在否定式前還可加上in order或so as 組成詞組(即:in order to ……,so as to……),作狀語表示目的。如:

To live a long and healthy life, we must learn to have a balanced diet.

為了能過長壽而健康的生活,我們必須懂得吃均衡的食品。

In order to help him, we would do everything we can.

為了幫助他,我們愿意盡一切力量。

2 作結果狀語

表結果,其邏輯主語通常亦是全句的主語。在“so…… as to……”,“such…… as to……”,“enough to……”,“only to……”以及“too……to……”等結構中的不定式皆表示結果。如:

She is old enough to go to school.

她已到了可以上學的年齡了。

He was too drunk to drive home.

他酩酊大醉,沒法開車回家。

3 作原因狀語

We are proud to be young people of China.

作為中國的青年,我們感到自豪。

She trembled to think of the terrible accident.

想到那可怕的車禍,她就不寒而栗。

(6)賓語補足語

1 有很多動詞的后面都可以有不定式作賓語補語,常見的這類動詞有:advise, ask, tell , help, wish, want ,expect, forbid, persuade, press, request, teach, warn等。如:

She asked her grandfather to play game with her.

她請爺爺跟她一起做游戲。

Mother told me to cook the meal.

媽媽叫我做飯。

2 有一些動詞后用作賓語補足的不定式通常不帶to,這種動詞有兩類:一類是感覺動詞,如feel, see, hear, watch, notice等;另一類是使役動詞,如make, let ,have等(上述感覺動詞與使役動詞轉換為被動結構時,其后的不定式仍須帶to)。如:

Let me do it for you.

讓我來替你做。

I made him work hard.

我迫使他加勁干。

3 動詞help之后,復合賓語中的不定式可帶to,亦可不帶to.如:

Can you help me (to) move this table?

你能幫我移動一下這張桌子嗎

The little girl helped the old man (to) get on the bus.

這位小女孩幫助老人上車。

I help my brother (to) study English.

我幫助我弟弟學英語。

在上述動詞轉換為被動結構時,其后的不定式必須帶to.如:

He was seen to enter the theatre.

有人看見他走進了劇院。

I was made to do my homework the whole night.

我被迫整晚做作業。

They are often heard to sing this song.

常常聽到他們唱這首歌。

4 感官動詞的賓語補足語有兩種形式:不帶to的不定式和動詞-ing形式。如:

I heard Meimei singing in her room when I went past.

我路過的時候聽見梅梅在房間里唱歌。(路過的瞬間正在唱,所以用singing)

We often lear Meimen sing in her room.

我們經常聽見梅梅在房間里唱歌。(經常聽見,用不定式)

I saw him come in.

I saw him coming in.

兩句話的意思都一樣:我看見他進來。用不定式著重于動作的全過程,用動詞-ing形式則是強調當時動作的進行情況。

5 在復合句中,當不定式作直接賓語,而后面還有賓語補足語時,這時可以把不定式放在補足語的后面,而用形式賓語it代替它。如:

I find it easy to learn English well.

我發現要把英語學好很容易。

3 不定式的主要句型及注意事項

(1)不定式的否定式

not+不定式,經常和ask(tell) sb. to do sth.句型連用。如:

Try not to be late.

爭取不要遲到。

Mary asked me not to give my pen to Jimmy.

瑪麗讓我別把筆給吉米。

She decided not to come here again.

她決定不再到這兒來。

[注意]

不定式的否定式和否定句的區別:

I didn't ask him to open the door.

我沒讓他把門打開。

I asked him not to open the door.

我讓他別把門打開。

(2)不定式的進行時態

to+be+動詞的現在分詞,表示在謂語動詞所表示的動作或狀態發生時正在進行。如:

It's nice to be sitting here with you.

在這兒陪你坐著是非常愉快的。

It is unwise for him to be talking that topic all the time.

他老是談論這件事,很不明智。

(3)不定式的完成時態

to+have+動詞的過去分詞,表示在謂語動詞表示的動作或狀態發生時已經完成。如:

She said she was sorry to have missed you.

她說她沒見到你很遺憾。

He seemed to have visited our factory.

他好象參觀過我們的工廠。

(4)動詞不定式的被動語態表示被動意義。如:

I didn't want to be told about it.

我不想被告知這件事。

Nothing seems to have been forgotten.

似乎什么也沒有被遺忘。

4 注意事項

(1)在以某些形容詞,如kind, good, silly ,honest, bad, stupid, bold, clever, cruel, courteous, nice, rude, sensible, tactful, wise, wrong等作表語時,后面需用以“of+名詞(或代詞賓格)+不定式”結構,以說明不定式所表示的動作的執行者是誰(即of短語是不定式的邏輯主語。)如:

It's very good of you to come.

謝謝你的光臨。

How silly of you (it is )to make such a mistake!

你出了這樣的差錯,多傻啊!

It'sery kind of you to say so.

多謝你這么說。

(2)在had better, had best, would rather, would rather---than, would sooner, would sooner----than, cannot but ,do nothing but等結構后面的不定式要省略“to”如:

You had better write it in English.

你最好用英文寫。

I would rather stay at home.

我寧愿呆在家里。

When SARS has been issue number one in China, We can do nothing but pray.

當SARS成了中國面臨的頭等大事時,我們只有祈禱。

2動名詞句法作用

從性質上講,動詞的-ing形式相當于名詞、形容詞、副詞。因此,它在句中可用作主語、表語、定語、賓語、狀語和賓語補足語。

(1) 作主語

-ing分詞作主語通常表示一種抽象的動作概念,即泛指某種行為或動作。如:

Eating too much is bad for your health.

吃得太多對身體健康有害。

Travelling abroad can widen one抯 outlook.

出國旅行會擴大人們的視野。

[注意]

(1) 動詞-ing 有自己的邏輯主語時用所有格形式,如:

His coming made us happy.

他的到來使我們很高興。

(2)在It is no good (no use)doing, It is fun(interesting)doing句型中,it為形式主語,動詞的-ing形式為真正的主語,習慣上不把它放于句首。如:

It's no good waiting for another hour.

再等一個小時也沒用。

It's no use talking with him about it.

和他談這件事是沒用的。

(2)作表語

His hobby is collecting stamps.

他的愛好是集郵。

My favourite sport is playing table tennis.

我最喜歡的運動是乒乓球。

[注意]

不要把作表語的動名詞形式與進行時態相混淆。動名詞形式作表語表示主語的某種特征,而進行時態則表示正在進行的動作。試比較。

Her job is teaching.

她的工作是教書。(teaching是表語)

She is teaching there now.

她正在那兒上課。(is teaching 是現在進行時態)

(3)作定語

This is a reading room.(=a room for reading )

這是一個閱覽室。

I will buy a pair of running shoes.(=a pair of shoes for running )

我要買一雙跑鞋。

(4)作賓語

在某些動詞如suggest, finish, avoid, stop, can抰 help, mind(在乎),admit, advise, consider, deny, enjoy, require, postpone, delay, practice, fancy ,excuse, pardon,miss(錯過)等后面不能用不定式,而必須用動名詞作為賓語。如:

I can't help laughing.

我禁不住笑了起來。

He enjoys watching TV plays.

他喜歡看電視劇。

[注意]

有些動詞后既可用動名詞,也可用不定式。

在動詞love, like, begin, start, continue等后,既可用動名詞作賓語,也可用不定式作賓語,有時兩種結構的意義差別不大。

(5)作賓語補足語

動名詞用作賓語補足語,常用在:see, hear, notice, watch ,keep, find, feel, get have等動詞之后,與一個名詞或代詞構成復合賓語;其中賓語和賓語補足語是主謂關系。如:

He kept me waiting for a long time.

他讓我等了很長時間。

[注意]

在see, hear, feel, watch, notice 等動詞之后,既可用動名詞形式也可用(不帶to的)動詞不定式作賓語補足語:如用動名詞形式,通常表示動作正在進行;用動詞不定式,則表示(或強調)動作從開始到結束的全過程。

(6)動名詞的獨立主格結構

動名詞也可以用于獨立主格結構,由“主格名詞代詞+動名詞”構成,表示時間、條件、原因、伴隨情況等。如:

The clock striking eight, they began working.

時鐘敲了8響,他們就開始工作。(表示時間)

The weather being fine, we went for a walk.

由于天氣好,我們出去散散步。(表示原因)

Time permitting, we抣l come to see you.

如果時間允許,我們就來看你。(表示條件)

也可由“with/without+賓語+-ing分詞”構成獨立主格結構,表示伴隨情況。如:

You must not sit with your feet pointing at another person.

坐著時不要把腳朝著別人。

3 動名詞作賓語和動詞不定式作賓語含義區別

部分動詞可加動名詞作賓語,也可加動詞不定式作賓語,但意思不同。如:

(1)remember doing sth.

記得過去做過的一件事

remember to do ,sth.

讓得要去做某事

(2) regret doing sth.

對過去做過的事情后悔

regret to do sth.

對還沒有做或正在做的事情的后悔

stop doing sth.

停止正在做的事情

stop to do sth.

停止什么,然后去做另一件事情

(4)forget doing sth.

忘記曾做過某事

Forget to do sth.

忘記去做某事

(5)try doing sth.

嘗試著做某事

Try to do sth.

沒法做某事

(6)mean doing sth.

意味著,意思是

Mean to do sth.

打算、想要

(三)分詞

1 分詞的基本形式和特征

分詞分為現在分詞和過去分詞兩種。分詞可用作形容詞和副詞,在句子中充當定語、狀語、賓語補足語和表語。

現在分詞由“動詞原形+ -ing”構成

過去分詞的基本形式是“動詞原形+ -ed”,但也可以有不規則的形式。

2 分詞的句法作用

(1)作定語。如:

This is an exciting news.

這是一則令人興奮的新聞。

I like dishes cooked by my mother.

我喜歡吃媽媽做的菜。

(2)作表語。如:

The film is very moving.

這部電影很感人。(現在分詞)

He was surprised to hear the news.

聽到那消息他很吃驚。(過去分詞)

(3)作賓語補足語。如:

I saw her watching TV last night.

我昨晚看見她看電視。

She had her bike repaired.

她修自行車了。

(4)作主語補語

當分詞作賓語補足語的句子變為被動語態時,分詞變變成了主語補足語。如:

Sorry have kept you waiting for a long time.

對不起,讓您久等了。

The radion was found stolen.

我們發現收音機被偷了。(過去分詞)

(5)作狀語。如:

While reading the letter(=While he was reading the letter), he smiled from time to time.

看信時,他不時地微笑。(現在分詞)

I like to read books written by scientists.(=---books which were written by scientists).

我喜歡科學家寫的書。(過去分詞)

3 一些與動詞-ing形式有關的短語

(1)表示有目的、有意識地進行練習或訓練某項技能:

Do+(some)+V–ing.如:

do some reading讀讀書

do some running跑跑步

do some writing 練練字

This year I am going to do more speaking.

今年我要多練口語。

(3) 表示做一些籠統、不具體指明的事:do+(some)+V–ing 如:

do some shopping

去商店買東西(不指明買哪樣具體的東西)

do some washing洗東西

do some cooking 做飯

do some cleaning掃除

do some sewing 縫紉

(3)“go+V-ing 形式”大部分表示從事運動、消遣或娛樂活動。如:

go dancing去跳舞

go swimming 去游泳

go skating 去滑冰

go skiing去滑雪

go shooting 去射擊

go boating

去劃船

go fishing

去釣魚

go hunting

去打錯

go riding

去騎馬

go walking

去散步

go running

去跑步

go sail ing去航海

二、 典型考題精析

1 I haven't written to him yet, for I don't know ________ the letter. (福建)

A to begin

B beginning

C how to begin

D how beginning

[答案]C。評價:know作“知道”、“了解”講,不能直接跟不定式,但可以接帶有疑問詞的不定式。句中“疑問詞+不定式”起名詞詞組的作用,作know的賓語,答案選C。

2 It is strange that the light is on , but I remember __________ when I came out.

A to turn it on

B to turn it off

C turning it on

D turning it off

[答案]D。評析:該題考查動詞remember 后接動名詞和不定式的用法。接動名詞作賓語表示“記得做過某事”,接不定式作定語表示“記住去做某事。”

3 At last, Lin Feng made the baby _________ and begin to laugh .(上海)

A stop to cry

B stop crying

C to stop to cry

D to stop crying

[答案]B。評析:該題考查動詞不定式作賓語補足語和動名詞作賓語的用法這兩個語言點。在使役動詞make 后的動詞不定式作賓語補足語時不帶to;及物動詞stop后面跟動名詞表示停止某種動作。根據語境,正確答案選B。

4 They asked me ________the traffic _______ again. (廣東)

A let; go

B let; to go

C to let; to go

D to let; go

[答案]D。評析:該題考查動詞不定式作賓語補足語的用法,答案為D。表示“請求某人做某事”需用ask sb. to do sth.句型;而“使某人做某事”需用let sb. do sth.句型, let 為使役動詞,其后的動詞不定式作賓語補足語不帶to。

5 I dindn't know her and I don't __________. (山西)

A want

B want to

C want it

D want so

[答案]B。評析:無論在回答別人問題時,或者在接著別人說話時,為了避免重復前面已經出現過的動詞,就單獨使用動詞不定式符號to,以代替整個不定式結構。句中I don't want to =I don't want to know her ,正確答案為B。

6 I can see the smoke ________ from the chimney(煙囪)?(上海)

A risen

B rising

C raised

D raising

[答案]B。評析:rise 作不及物動詞,意為“升起”;而raise作及物動詞,意為“提高”。此句需要現在分詞作賓語補足語表示正在進行的動作,正確答案為B。

7 The bus kept the people ________ for twenty minutes. (天津)

A wait

B waiting

C waited

D to wait

[答案]B。評析:“keep+名詞/代詞(賓語)+現在分詞(賓語補足語)”是一固定句型,表示使某人或某物保持在某種狀態,如:Sorry to have kept you waiting for a long time.對不起,讓您久等了。正確答案為B。其它三個選項都不符合keep帶復合賓語的句型。

8 This box is too heavy for the child _________.(云南)

A to carry it

B to carry

C carrying

D carrying it

[答案]B。評析:該句為“too……to ”句型,意為“太……而不能”。句子主語This box 與動詞不定式to carry 之間具有邏輯上的動賓關系,to carry后不能再用it 作賓語。如果要加上“對于某人來說”,用for sb.放在形容詞后。答案為B。

9 The text was very long and he found it _______in such a short time(湖北)

A easy to learn

B difficult learn

C difficult to learn

D difficult learning

[答案]C。評析:題干的第二個并列分句的謂語動詞found后為復合賓語,it為形式賓語,difficult為賓語補足語,真正的賓語為其后的動詞不定式to learn in such a short time,正確答案為C。

10 He was made _________ for the lost book. (廣西)

A paid

B to pay

C pay

D paying

[答案]B。評析:在make sb. do sth.句型中,不定式作賓語補足語不帶to;然而sb.作主語,made用作被動語態時,不定式作主語補足語須帶to,答案為B。

11 It's too late. Why ________ now?(上海)

A not to go

B not going

C not go

D don't go

[答案]C。評析:“why not+動詞原形”是一表示向對方提出建議的固定句型,意思是“為什么不做……呢?”答案為C。

12 I like __________ football. But I don't like __________ it now. Its hot. Its hot.(云南)

A to play; to play

B to play; playing

C playing; to play

D playing; playing

[答案]C。評析:“我喜歡踢足球,但現在我不喜歡,天太熱了。”like doing 和like to do都表示“喜歡干”,但like doing 強調這一經常性愛好,like to do 則表示一次短暫的具體性的動作。答案為C。

三 專項強化精練

1 Tell him ________ the teacher and _______ the window.[2002 海南]

A to listen to; not look out of

B to listen to; not to look out

C to listen to; not to look out of

D listen to ; don't look out of

2 Robert often asks us _________ his Chinese, so his Chinese is much better than before. [2002 陜西]

A help him

B to help him with

C to help with

D helps him with

3 Though Tom missed many lessons, he tried hard _______ fall behind. [2002甘肅]

A not

B not to

C to

D to not

4 The little boy is busy ______ his homework now. [2002 甘肅]

A do

B to do

C doing

D does

5 The boy enjoys ________ the radio in the morning. [2002 海南]

A listening

B listening to

C listen to

D to listen

6 Lily finished _________ the book yesterday. [2003北京]

A read

B reading

C to read

D reads

7 -How about going hiking this weekend? [2003 湖北黃岡]

-Sorry. I prefer _______ rather than ________.

A to stay at home; go out

B to got out; stay at home

C staying at home; go out

D going out; stay at home

8 -What did he say to you? [2003寧波]

-He wanted me _________ him up after lunch.

A ring

B rings

C rang

D to ring

9 The Great Green Wall will stop the wind from _______ the earth away. [2003 甘肅]

A blow

B blowing

C blew

D to blew

10 A policeman saw two thievers ________ a girl's mobile phone on a bus and he caught them at once. [2003 陜西]

A to steal

B stealing

C stole

D stolen

11---It's too hot. Would you mind ________ the door?

---_________ . Please do it now.[2003重慶]

A to open; Ok

B opening; Certainly not

C opening; Of course

D to open; Good idea

12 No matter how hard it is ,we’ll keep ________ until we make it.[2003遼寧]

A failed

B failing

C tried

D trying

13-ould you give me a hand please?

-Sure. What would you like me ________? [2003 福州]

A do

B to do

C doing

D does

14 If you don't feel well you may just ________.[2003 河北]

A stopped reading

B stop reading

C stopped to read

D stop to read

15 We are very happy that the 2008 Olympic Games _______in Beijing. [2003蘇州]

A will be held

B will hold

C are holding

D hold

16 The headmaster asked the pupils __________ too late on weekdays.[2003桂林]

A not get up

B not to get up

C don't get up

D to not get up

17 Our teacher did that she could ________ up with English. [2003 青海]

A help

B helped

C helping

D to help

18 We are told _________ everywhere. It's our duty to keep our school clean and tidy. [2003 遼寧]

A not to make noise

B to throw waste paper

C to draw

D not to spit

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