5種菊科入侵植物精油對紅火蟻的生物活性

摘要

紅火蟻Solenopsis invicta是一種對人類健康和生態(tài)環(huán)境危害極大的入侵生物，已被列為100種最具破壞力的入侵生物之一。菊科入侵植物在我國入侵植物中占比最多，危害較為嚴(yán)重。為探究假臭草Praxelis clematidea、南美蟛蜞菊Sphagneticola trilobata、微甘菊Mikania micrantha、白花鬼針草Bidens alba、飛機(jī)草Chromolaena odorata 5種菊科入侵植物精油對紅火蟻的生物活性，采用水蒸氣蒸餾法提取植物精油，運(yùn)用密閉熏蒸法、點(diǎn)滴法測定植物精油對紅火蟻的熏蒸、觸殺活性。結(jié)果表明：5種植物精油均對紅火蟻具有熏蒸、觸殺活性，通過毒力分析發(fā)現(xiàn)，5種植物精油的熏蒸活性隨時間的延長而增強(qiáng)，而處理時間的延長對觸殺活性影響不大，其中飛機(jī)草精油的熏蒸活性最強(qiáng)，熏蒸6 h時LC50為2.53 μL/L，熏蒸8 h時LC50為1.50 μL/L;白花鬼針草和假臭草精油的觸殺活性最強(qiáng)，12 h時LD50分別為0.024、0.028 μL/頭，24 h時LD50分別為0.022、0.025 μL/頭。由此可見，5種菊科入侵植物精油對紅火蟻具有良好的生物活性，有望作為天然熏蒸劑、觸殺劑用于防控紅火蟻。

關(guān)鍵詞

菊科; 入侵植物; 精油; 紅火蟻; 熏蒸活性; 觸殺活性

中圖分類號：

S 433

文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼： A

DOI： 10.16688/j.zwbh.2024452

Biological activity of essential oils from five invasive Asteraceae plants against Solenopsis invicta

ZHOU Min1，2， LIU Yuqi1，2， JIANG Lu3， YANG Hangxin4， LI Jun2*， LI Chao1*

（1. Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Invasive Alien Species in Agriculture amp; Forestry of the NorthWestern

Desert Oasis （Coconstruction by Ministry and Province）， Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs， College of Agronomy，

Xinjiang Agricultural University， Urumqi 830052， China; 2. Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and

Resource Utilization， Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization， Institute of Zoology，

Guangdong Academy of Sciences， Guangzhou 510260， China; 3. Shenzhen Wildlife Conservation and Management

Office， Shenzhen Forestry Pest Monitoring and Control Center， Shenzhen 518040， China; 4. Lechang Branch，

Guangdong Shaoguan City Tobacco Co.， Ltd.， Shaoguan 512299， China）

Abstract

Solenopsis invicta poses substantial threats to human health and ecological systems， and has been listed among the 100 most destructive invasive species. In China， Asteraceae species represent the most dominant group among invasive plants， with particularly harmful impacts. The biological activity of essential oils extracted from five invasive Asteraceae plants， including Praxelis clematidea， Sphagneticola trilobata， Mikania micrantha， Bidens alba， and Chromolaena odorata， against S.invicta was evaluated. Essential oils were extracted via hydrodistillation， and their fumigation and contact toxicities against S.invicta were evaluated using sealed fumigation and topical application methods， respectively. The results showed that all five essential oils exhibited fumigation and contact toxicity against S.invicta. Fumigation toxicity increased over time， while prolonged exposure had minimal influence on contact toxicity. Among them， C.odorata essential oil showed the strongest fumigation activity， with LC50 values of 2.53 μL/L after 6 h of fumigation and 1.50 μL/L after 8 h of fumigation. B.alba and P.clematidea essential oils demonstrated the highest contact toxicity， with LC50 values of 0.024 μL/individual and 0.028 μL/individual 12 h after treatment， 0.022 μL/individual and 0.025 μL/individual 24 h after treatment， respectively. These results suggest that essential oils from invasive Asteraceae plants possess significant bioactivity and hold potential as natural fumigants and contact insecticides for the control of S.invicta.

Key words

Asteraceae; invasive plant; essential oils; Solenopsis invicta; fumigation activity; contact toxicity

紅火蟻Solenopsis invicta隸屬于膜翅目Hymenoptera，蟻科Formicidae，切葉蟻亞科Mymicinae，火蟻屬Solenopsis，是一種習(xí)性兇猛、繁殖力強(qiáng)、食性雜的昆蟲［12］。其原產(chǎn)于南美洲巴拉那河流域，我國最早于2003年10月在臺灣的桃園與嘉義地區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)，次年9月在廣東省吳川市出現(xiàn)［34］。據(jù)報道，在美國紅火蟻入侵地區(qū)，每年都會造成約50億美元的嚴(yán)重經(jīng)濟(jì)損失［5］。紅火蟻對于生態(tài)系統(tǒng)具有高度破壞性，

會攻擊本地螞蟻、捕食無脊椎動物及脊椎動物，從而破壞入侵地的物種多樣性、豐度和群落結(jié)構(gòu)［6］。……