【中圖分類號】 R651 【文獻標志碼】 A 【文章編號】 1672-7770(2025)03-0241-07
Abstract:Disorders of consciousness(DoC) refers to the state of impaired consciousness caused by severe traumatic brain injury. Over the past three decades,driven by advancements in functional imaging and neuroelectrophysiological technologies,significant progress has been made in consciousness science,making the research of consciousness and DoC hot topics in clinical neuroscience. To enhance clinicians’ awareness and precise understanding of DoC and provide guidance for standardized assessment and management,a hierarchical and progressive DoC classification system based on evidence-based definitions,diagnostic criteria,and assessment methods has been developed. This system integrates recommendation grading systems referring to U.S.,European,and U.K. practice guidelines for DoC patients’ management and international guideline standardization frameworks. The system deconstructs prolonged DoC(pDoC) into two core dimensions:arousal and awareness,resulting in seven recommendation statements. These statments clarify clinical entities such as vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome(VS/UWS), minimally conscious state(MCS) and its subtypes( MCS+ and MCS -),and emergence from MCS (EMCS). Notably,it introduces cognitivemotor dissociation(CMD)as a diagnostic concept for states of covert consciousness. Furthermore, the consensus refines pediatric DoC assessment criteria,emphasizing the impact of developmental characteristics on diagnosis. It also proposes explicitly to distinguish locked-in syndrome(LIS) from the DoC spectrum.This framework aims to standardize DoC diagnosis and provide actionable clinical guidance.
Key words :consciousness; disorders of consciousness ;diagnostic standard;coma;vegetativestate/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome; minimally conscious state; locked-in syndrome;expert consensus
意識障礙(disordersofconsciousness,DoC)是指因嚴重腦損傷導致的意識喪失狀態。根據意識障礙的持續時間,可分為急性意識障礙(如昏迷)及慢性意識障 礙(prolonged disorders of consciousness,pDoC)[1]。pDoC的主要類型包括植物狀態/無反應覺醒綜合征(vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulnesssyndrome,VS/UWS)和微意識狀態(minimallyconsciousstate,MCS),前者存在自發睜眼和睡眠-覺醒周期,但無法遵從指令,對外界刺激無有意識的反應[2-3];而后者表現出明確的非反射性行為,對自身及周圍環境有部分意識,例如能遵從簡單指令、發出可理解的語言或有目的性行為[4]
近三十年來,在快速發展的功能影像和神經電生理學技術的推動下,意識科學領域的研究取得了顯著進展,有關意識與意識障礙的研究和討論成為臨床神經科學的熱點之一。眾多研究從腦損傷、麻醉、睡眠、癲癇等領域深入探討意識的形成機制,提出了諸多意識理論和假說。在DoC方向,包括美國、歐洲和英國發布的有關DoC患者管理實踐指南,對循證定義、診斷標準和評估方法提出了規范[5-6]。上述規范指出有關DoC 的術語、分類和診斷標準的不確定是當前診斷錯誤率居高不下的最重要原因之一,也是目前DoC研究結果差異巨大的重要因素。Golden等[7]指出DoC分類應該達成的目標,即分類法應該表現出“擬合優度”,應該準確描述并清楚區分DoC各亞型,使用的術語及其亞型分類應該保持一致性。而現有文獻中充斥著指代同一病癥的不同術語,并且在臨床特征上存在重疊,旨在描述不同的病癥;分類法的實施應該是可行的,應該促進臨床醫生之間以及臨床醫生、家庭成員和代理決策者之間的溝通。……