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關(guān)鍵詞""敬畏感, 親社會(huì)行為, 三水平元分析, 元分析結(jié)構(gòu)方程模型
分類(lèi)號(hào)""B849: C91
面對(duì)百年未有之大變局, 我們應(yīng)心懷敬畏, 攜手合作, 共建人類(lèi)命運(yùn)共同體。敬畏感與親社會(huì)行為因作為人的社會(huì)性發(fā)展關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)而廣受關(guān)注。研究表明, 敬畏感可以使個(gè)體更清晰地理解自我及存在的有限性, 產(chǎn)生對(duì)世界相互依存、共生共榮的認(rèn)識(shí)(Seo et al., 2023), 促進(jìn)著眼于全人類(lèi)共同利益和福祉的親社會(huì)行為(Seo et al., 2023; Villar et al., 2022)。學(xué)界圍繞敬畏感與親社會(huì)行為的關(guān)系及機(jī)制展開(kāi)大量研究, 取得了豐碩成果, 但仍存在問(wèn)題亟待探討。一方面, 盡管大部分研究支持敬畏感的親社會(huì)效應(yīng)(Bai et al., 2017; Piff et al., 2015; Stamkou et al., 2023), 但也存在不一致結(jié)果提示其復(fù)雜性(Ejova et al., 2021; Jiang amp; Sedikides, 2022; Joye amp; Bolderdijk, 2015)。另一方面, 敬畏感影響親社會(huì)行為的內(nèi)在機(jī)制有待進(jìn)一步明晰。基于情感的社會(huì)功能主義理論(social functionalist theory of emotion, SFT; Keltner et al., 2022), 已有研究通過(guò)探討敬畏感如何影響自我進(jìn)而作用于親社會(huì)行為, 形成了自我消解假設(shè)和自我超越假設(shè)(Bai et al., 2017; Jiang amp; Sedikides, 2022)。但二者均還存在爭(zhēng)議, 且大多研究?jī)H關(guān)注單一路徑, 易引起“似是而非”的中介問(wèn)題(specious"mediators problem)。本研究擬采用三水平和結(jié)構(gòu)方程模型的元分析方法, 通過(guò)整合性結(jié)果探討敬畏感與親社會(huì)行為的關(guān)系及機(jī)制, 以期進(jìn)一步厘清人類(lèi)命運(yùn)共同體的情感機(jī)制和行為路徑, 為構(gòu)建人類(lèi)命運(yùn)共同體貢獻(xiàn)心理學(xué)智慧。
1.1.1""敬畏感的概念
敬畏感是以浩大感(perceived vastness)和順應(yīng)需要(need for accommodation)為核心特征的一類(lèi)情感(Keltner amp; Haidt, 2003)。其中, 浩大感是一種比自我經(jīng)驗(yàn)初始狀態(tài)大非常多的狀態(tài), 它可以是源于簡(jiǎn)單物理尺寸上的“大”, 也可源于復(fù)雜社會(huì)意義上的“大”, 還可以是認(rèn)知層面上的“大”。浩大感會(huì)使個(gè)體產(chǎn)生順應(yīng)需要, 即當(dāng)感知到事物與認(rèn)知圖式不符合時(shí), 個(gè)體改變?cè)姓J(rèn)知圖式的需要(Perlin amp; Li, 2020)。除核心特征外, 危險(xiǎn)、美、能力、美德和超自然因果關(guān)系等邊緣特征解釋了敬畏感的多樣性, 如, 基于美的敬畏感是由美麗的人或景誘發(fā)的審美愉悅體驗(yàn), 基于能力的敬畏感是由出眾的能力、智慧或技能誘發(fā)的對(duì)他人的尊敬與欽佩感, 等等(Keltner amp; Haidt, 2003)。
1.1.2""敬畏感與親社會(huì)行為的關(guān)系
大部分研究支持敬畏感與親社會(huì)行為顯著正相關(guān), 敬畏感會(huì)促進(jìn)慷慨、捐贈(zèng)、幫助等親社會(huì)行為, 即敬畏感具有親社會(huì)效應(yīng)(Bai et al., 2017; Piff et al., 2015; Prade amp; Saroglou, 2016)。
SFT可以解釋敬畏感的親社會(huì)效應(yīng), 即敬畏等情感的社會(huì)功能在于從集體層面滿(mǎn)足個(gè)體歸屬需求, 促進(jìn)個(gè)體更好地協(xié)調(diào)集體關(guān)系, 解決資源共享和共同防御等問(wèn)題(Keltner et al., 2022)。敬畏感進(jìn)一步被歸為自我超越情感, 其優(yōu)勢(shì)在于能夠驅(qū)使人們超越個(gè)人愿望和需要, 轉(zhuǎn)向關(guān)注并滿(mǎn)足他人的需要(Stellar et al., 2017)。拓展—建構(gòu)理論也可以解釋敬畏感的親社會(huì)效應(yīng), 即積極敬畏可擴(kuò)展個(gè)體認(rèn)知, 促進(jìn)資源建構(gòu), 激活積極傾向, 產(chǎn)生更多親社會(huì)行為(Fredrickson, 2001; Van Cappellen et al., 2013)。基于此, 我們提出假設(shè)1: 敬畏感與親社會(huì)行為顯著正相關(guān), 敬畏感能夠促進(jìn)親社會(huì)行為。
囿于變量的復(fù)雜性, 敬畏感的親社會(huì)效應(yīng)也存在不一致結(jié)果。本研究主要探討敬畏感的效價(jià)與誘發(fā)源、親社會(huì)行為的類(lèi)型、對(duì)象與代價(jià)以及文化背景等對(duì)敬畏感親社會(huì)效應(yīng)的影響。
1.2.1""敬畏感的效價(jià)
敬畏感自身的復(fù)雜性影響了它的社會(huì)功能。首先, 大部分敬畏感與積極評(píng)價(jià)關(guān)聯(lián), 能帶來(lái)積極、平靜和高自我控制等正向體驗(yàn)(Campos et al., 2013), 其親社會(huì)效應(yīng)也已得到廣泛檢驗(yàn)和一致證實(shí)(Guan et al., 2019; Ma et al., 2023; Piff et al., 2015; Stamkou et al., 2023)。其次, 消極敬畏感因同時(shí)包含積極和消極成分而變得復(fù)雜。消極敬畏感或基于危險(xiǎn)的敬畏感(threat-based awe), 通常是由臺(tái)風(fēng)、地震等對(duì)個(gè)體具有威脅的外在刺激誘發(fā), 除了驚嘆等典型敬畏反應(yīng)外, 還包含恐懼、害怕、緊張等消極體驗(yàn)(Gordon et al., 2017)。消極敬畏感是敬畏感的變式, 還是隸屬特異性復(fù)合情感, 學(xué)界尚存在爭(zhēng)議(Chaudhury et al., 2022; Gordon et al., 2017)。關(guān)于消極敬畏感的親社會(huì)效應(yīng)也存在三種不同的看法: 一是認(rèn)為消極敬畏感本質(zhì)仍屬自我超越情感, 它也能促進(jìn)親社會(huì)行為(Stellar et al., 2017; Van Cappellen amp; Saroglou,"2012); 二是認(rèn)為消極敬畏感因與消極評(píng)價(jià)緊密相聯(lián), 會(huì)降低自我控制性, 增加情境控制性和無(wú)力感(Gordon et al., 2017), 降低親社會(huì)行為(或相較積極敬畏感, 親社會(huì)效應(yīng)更低); 三是認(rèn)為其效應(yīng)存在邊界條件, 機(jī)制也存在差異: 消極敬畏感受自尊和壓力感知等的調(diào)節(jié), 導(dǎo)致“自我渺小”感知, 促進(jìn)對(duì)弱關(guān)系對(duì)象的分享行為(Septianto et al., 2022; 朱華偉"等, 2019)。
整體來(lái)看, 積極敬畏感的親社會(huì)效應(yīng)更為突出和穩(wěn)定, 而消極敬畏感因涉及消極評(píng)價(jià)而受更多因素影響。因此, 我們提出假設(shè)2: 相較于積極敬畏感, 消極敬畏感的親社會(huì)效應(yīng)顯著更低。
1.2.2 "敬畏感的誘發(fā)源
敬畏感的誘發(fā)源會(huì)調(diào)節(jié)敬畏感的親社會(huì)效應(yīng)。誘發(fā)敬畏感的刺激類(lèi)型可以分為: (1)物理誘發(fā)源, 即在物理或空間尺寸上浩大的自然景觀; (2)社會(huì)誘發(fā)源, 即享有高威望、權(quán)力或道德情操的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者、偉人、模范等; (3)認(rèn)知誘發(fā)源, 即明顯超出個(gè)體認(rèn)知水平或能力的理論、觀點(diǎn)等(Shiota et al., 2007)。由于社會(huì)誘發(fā)源誘發(fā)的敬畏感更能凸顯其社會(huì)功能特征, 產(chǎn)生更多指向高相似性社會(huì)群體的親社會(huì)行為(Keltner et al., 2022), 故提出假設(shè)3: 相較于物理和認(rèn)知誘發(fā)源, 社會(huì)誘發(fā)源誘發(fā)的敬畏感親社會(huì)效應(yīng)更明顯。
1.2.3""親社會(huì)行為的類(lèi)型、對(duì)象和代價(jià)
親社會(huì)行為泛指能夠使他人或社會(huì)獲益, 并可構(gòu)建或提升雙方和諧關(guān)系的一類(lèi)行為, 核心特征是利他性和社會(huì)性(寇彧, 張慶鵬, 2006; 林靚"等, 2024)。首先, 親社會(huì)行為類(lèi)型的調(diào)節(jié)作用。基于原型概念表征理論, 親社會(huì)行為可以分為利他性、遵規(guī)與公益性、關(guān)系性和特質(zhì)性等4種類(lèi)型(章潔敏"等, 2024; 張慶鵬, 寇彧, 2011)。由敬畏感的他人導(dǎo)向性(other-oriented)及社會(huì)功能可知(Chirico amp; Yaden, 2018; Stellar et al., 2017), 相較于指向自我價(jià)值的特質(zhì)性親社會(huì)行為, 敬畏感對(duì)指向他人、社會(huì)價(jià)值和人際關(guān)系的親社會(huì)行為的效應(yīng)可能更明顯。因此, 我們提出假設(shè)4: 相較于特質(zhì)性親社會(huì)行為, 敬畏感對(duì)利他性、遵規(guī)與公益性、關(guān)系性親社會(huì)行為的促進(jìn)效應(yīng)更顯著。
其次, 親社會(huì)對(duì)象的調(diào)節(jié)作用。親社會(huì)行為指向的對(duì)象大致可分為個(gè)體和群體兩個(gè)層面(Penner et al., 2005)。基于對(duì)全球命運(yùn)共同體和人類(lèi)命運(yùn)共同體的關(guān)注(Pizarro et al., 2021; Seo et al., 2023), 本研究擬進(jìn)一步區(qū)分“環(huán)境” (客觀存在的自然及環(huán)境)和“全人類(lèi)” (以全人類(lèi)利益為指向的對(duì)象)兩個(gè)更大的“群體”。由SFT可知, 產(chǎn)生于集體層面的敬畏感, 其功能性?xún)?yōu)勢(shì)在于滿(mǎn)足集體歸屬的需要(Keltner et al., 2022), 故提出假設(shè)5: 相較于個(gè)體, 敬畏感對(duì)指向群體、環(huán)境或全人類(lèi)的親社會(huì)行為的促進(jìn)作用更明顯。
最后, 親社會(huì)代價(jià)的調(diào)節(jié)作用。根據(jù)親社會(huì)行為的決策模式可知, 代價(jià)可以預(yù)測(cè)個(gè)體的親社會(huì)行為, 代價(jià)越大, 做出親社會(huì)行為的可能性越低(Ames"et al., 2004; Katz et al., 2024)。因此, 我們提出假設(shè)6: 相較于無(wú)代價(jià)的親社會(huì)行為, 敬畏感對(duì)于有代價(jià)的親社會(huì)行為的促進(jìn)效應(yīng)更低。
1.2.4 "文化背景
文化背景對(duì)敬畏感親社會(huì)效應(yīng)的影響不容忽視。研究表明, 集體主義文化背景下, 誘發(fā)敬畏的刺激物往往與他人相關(guān), 敬畏感親社會(huì)效應(yīng)增強(qiáng)體現(xiàn)為關(guān)系緊密度的增加, 而個(gè)體主義文化下, 刺激物往往與自己有關(guān), 親社會(huì)效應(yīng)增強(qiáng)體現(xiàn)為社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)中人數(shù)的增多(Bai et al., 2017)。基于SFT的情感與文化價(jià)值一致性假設(shè)可知(Keltner et al., 2022), 集體主義文化更有利于敬畏感發(fā)揮其積極社會(huì)功能, 促進(jìn)歸屬需要的滿(mǎn)足。由此, 我們提出假設(shè)7: 相較于個(gè)體主義文化, 集體主義文化下的敬畏感親社會(huì)效應(yīng)更明顯。
目前, 關(guān)于敬畏感親社會(huì)效應(yīng)的中介機(jī)制主要有兩種假設(shè), 即自我消解假設(shè)(self-diminishment hypothesis)和自我超越假設(shè)(self-transcendence hypothesis)。
自我消解表征個(gè)體在浩大的事物面前, 自我顯著性(self-salience)降低、自我概念空間感知變小, 以及反省“個(gè)體我”意義渺小或微不足道的過(guò)程(Tyson et al., 2022)。自我消解假設(shè)認(rèn)為, 敬畏感會(huì)對(duì)自我概念或自我意識(shí)產(chǎn)生影響, 使其產(chǎn)生對(duì)外界事物的浩大感, 消解或虛化個(gè)體對(duì)自我顯著性的關(guān)注, 對(duì)自我概念的空間表征或隱喻更加渺小, 導(dǎo)向自我反省個(gè)人的日常生活微不足道, 使其將聚焦中心由“我” (self)轉(zhuǎn)向“他人”或“集體”, 增加集體投入或親社會(huì)行為。盡管目前對(duì)自我消解的測(cè)量存在差異, 但均從不同側(cè)面支持了敬畏感的自我消解假說(shuō)(Bai et al., 2017; Piff et al., 2015)。
自我超越是個(gè)體打破或超越自我邊界或設(shè)限的過(guò)程(Garcia-Romeu, 2010; Jiang amp; Sedikides, 2022)。自我超越假設(shè)認(rèn)為, 作為一種自我超越情感, 敬畏感在使個(gè)體感到渺小的同時(shí), 也會(huì)促使個(gè)體將注意力從日常平凡瑣事轉(zhuǎn)向更大的精神需求, 為個(gè)體提供一種更廣闊的自我視角, 促進(jìn)自我洞察并激發(fā)追求真實(shí)自我的動(dòng)力, 做出更多的親社會(huì)行為。研究表明, 敬畏感會(huì)通過(guò)自我超越生命意義增強(qiáng)親社會(huì)傾向(Li, Dou, et al., 2019; Lin, Chen, et al., 2021), 也會(huì)通過(guò)增強(qiáng)與自然或全人類(lèi)的聯(lián)結(jié)感促進(jìn)親社會(huì)行為(Chen et al., 2022; Luo et al., 2023)。
自我消解假設(shè)主要關(guān)注自我顯著性降低、感知自我概念變小以及對(duì)自我意義反省等“小我”過(guò)程性特征的作用, 而自我超越假設(shè)則關(guān)注個(gè)體如何打破或超越自我設(shè)限, 追求與外界事物緊密聯(lián)系等“大我”過(guò)程性特征的作用。檢驗(yàn)自我消解和自我超越假設(shè), 可以從敬畏感視角管窺個(gè)體如何協(xié)調(diào)“小我”和“大我”的關(guān)系, 在個(gè)體與共同體之間保持張力, 為實(shí)現(xiàn)人類(lèi)命運(yùn)共同體提供啟示(何寧, 游旭群, 2023)。基于上述分析, 我們提出假設(shè)8: 敬畏感會(huì)通過(guò)自我消解和自我超越的中介影響親社會(huì)行為。
為保證元分析的系統(tǒng)性和可重復(fù)性, 本研究按照系統(tǒng)綜述和元分析首選報(bào)告項(xiàng)目(Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-"Analysis, PRISMA)進(jìn)行操作(Page et al., 2021), 并在PROSPERO (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/)進(jìn)行了預(yù)注冊(cè)(注冊(cè)號(hào): CRD42023432626)。
2.1.1""文獻(xiàn)檢索
研究全面搜索了中文和英文文獻(xiàn)。中文文獻(xiàn)主要在中國(guó)知網(wǎng)期刊全文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(CNKI)、萬(wàn)方數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)以及維普數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)三個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中進(jìn)行檢索; 英文文獻(xiàn)主要在Web of Science、ProQuest、Science Direct以及Google Scholar等四個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中進(jìn)行檢索。為了減少發(fā)表偏倚問(wèn)題, 我們還對(duì)預(yù)印本(PsyArXiv預(yù)印本數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù); https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv)進(jìn)行檢索, 將符合要求的文獻(xiàn)納入分析。
檢索程序如下: (1)檢索格式為: “敬畏感檢索詞”和“親社會(huì)行為檢索詞” (具體檢索詞見(jiàn)表1); (2)檢索條件: 包含篇名、關(guān)鍵詞、摘要以及主題; (3)論文類(lèi)型: 在可以對(duì)語(yǔ)言類(lèi)型進(jìn)行選擇的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù), 僅選擇中文以及英文; (4)最后檢索時(shí)間: 2023年6月。檢索完成后, 將所有文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)導(dǎo)入Endnote文獻(xiàn)管理軟件, 以便文獻(xiàn)整理和篩選。上述檢索流程由兩名研究者獨(dú)立進(jìn)行, 最后由共同第一作者將兩名研究者納入的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行整合。
共計(jì)檢索獲得文獻(xiàn)7661篇, 經(jīng)初步篩查去除重復(fù)文獻(xiàn)后, 計(jì)4446篇納入文獻(xiàn)庫(kù)進(jìn)行管理, 待進(jìn)一步篩查與分析。
2.1.2""文獻(xiàn)篩選
從敬畏感的研究類(lèi)型來(lái)看, 現(xiàn)有研究主要以行為實(shí)驗(yàn)為主, 以問(wèn)卷調(diào)查為輔。兩類(lèi)研究對(duì)二者關(guān)系的解釋力不同: 調(diào)查研究關(guān)注特質(zhì)敬畏感與親社會(huì)行為之間的相關(guān)性(相關(guān)關(guān)系), 實(shí)驗(yàn)研究聚焦?fàn)顟B(tài)敬畏感對(duì)親社會(huì)行為的影響(因果關(guān)系)。如果單一選擇相關(guān)效應(yīng)量或差異效應(yīng)量進(jìn)行相關(guān)或因果分析, 可能造成數(shù)據(jù)信息流失或過(guò)度解釋等問(wèn)題(Cooper et al., 2019; 鄭昊敏"等, 2011)。本研究參照已有研究(Cooper et al., 2019; 湯明"等, 2019; Wang, Petrulla, et al., 2022), 分別采用相關(guān)效應(yīng)量(r)和差異效應(yīng)量(g), 對(duì)調(diào)查和實(shí)驗(yàn)研究結(jié)果分別進(jìn)行整理, 以期更加全面反映二者的關(guān)系。
結(jié)合元分析方法和研究主題的要求(Page et al., 2021), 確定納入和排除的標(biāo)準(zhǔn): (1)語(yǔ)言為英文或中文, 排除其他語(yǔ)言(如日語(yǔ))的文獻(xiàn); (2)研究性質(zhì)為量化的實(shí)證研究, 排除綜述類(lèi)和質(zhì)性研究; (3)研究變量必須同時(shí)包含“敬畏感”與“親社會(huì)行為”, 排除僅包含其中一個(gè)變量的文獻(xiàn); (4)調(diào)查研究的結(jié)果需明確報(bào)告研究的樣本量, 相關(guān)系數(shù)r值或能轉(zhuǎn)化成r值的其它統(tǒng)計(jì)量(如, χ2值、一元線性回歸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)系數(shù)(β∈"(?0.5, 0.5)等), 排除多元回歸分析、結(jié)構(gòu)方程模型分析等其他統(tǒng)計(jì)方法以及數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)告不完整的研究; 實(shí)驗(yàn)研究必須包含敬畏誘發(fā)組與對(duì)照組(如, 中性情緒組、其他積極情緒組等), 并且報(bào)告了能夠計(jì)算出Hedges’ g值的樣本量、均值、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差或是能轉(zhuǎn)化成g值的其他統(tǒng)計(jì)量(如t值、χ2值、Odds Radio等), 排除僅報(bào)告敬畏誘發(fā)條件下的親社會(huì)行為和數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)告不完整的研究(如缺少均值、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差等); (5)若有重復(fù)的樣本, 則選擇信息含量更多的研究, 排除信息含量更少或數(shù)據(jù)不足的研究。
依據(jù)上述標(biāo)準(zhǔn), 依次對(duì)檢索獲得的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行篩查(見(jiàn)圖1), 最終獲得符合條件的文獻(xiàn)計(jì)110篇(其中, 中文50篇, 英文60篇)。
2.1.3""文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評(píng)估
分別采用觀察隊(duì)列和橫斷研究質(zhì)量評(píng)估工具(Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies)和控制干預(yù)研究質(zhì)量評(píng)估工具(Quality Assessment Tool for Controlled Intervention Studies)對(duì)調(diào)查研究和實(shí)驗(yàn)研究進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評(píng)估。觀察隊(duì)列和橫斷研究以及控制干預(yù)研究?jī)煞N質(zhì)量評(píng)估工具均包括了14個(gè)項(xiàng)目(如, 是否提供了樣本量說(shuō)明、統(tǒng)計(jì)檢驗(yàn)力描述或方差和效應(yīng)量估計(jì); 隨機(jī)分配的方法是否充分), 每個(gè)項(xiàng)目包含是(Yes)、否(No)、無(wú)法確定(CD)、未報(bào)告(NR)和不適用(NA)五種選擇, 選擇“是”計(jì)1分, 其余均不計(jì)分。文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為: 好(總分"gt; 7)、一般(總分5 ~ 7)和差(總分"lt; 5) (郭英"等, 2023)。
由4名心理學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)研究生分別對(duì)文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量進(jìn)行評(píng)估。4名評(píng)估者的Kappa一致性系數(shù)為0.92, 具有較高的一致性(Landis amp; Koch, 1977)。納入的調(diào)查研究的平均質(zhì)量評(píng)分為7.93 (得分范圍在7 ~ 12分之間, SD = 1.18), 納入的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究的平均質(zhì)量評(píng)分為8.19 (得分范圍在5 ~ 12分之間, SD = 0.97), 說(shuō)明納入元分析的文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量較好。
2.1.4 "文獻(xiàn)編碼
對(duì)納入文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行編碼: (1)發(fā)表狀態(tài): 正式發(fā)表的期刊論文(J)、未正式發(fā)表的預(yù)印本(P)、學(xué)位論文(D)和會(huì)議論文(C); (2)被試群體的平均年齡; (3)被試的女性占比; (4)被試群體身份: 學(xué)生群體(S)、非學(xué)生群體(O); (5)被試的文化背景: 集體主義文化(C)、個(gè)人主義文化(I)。另外, 對(duì)文獻(xiàn)的基本信息(第一作者、(預(yù))發(fā)表時(shí)間等; 若第一作者和(預(yù))發(fā)表時(shí)間均相同, 則補(bǔ)充第二作者; 若仍相同, 則補(bǔ)充第三作者)、各項(xiàng)研究的樣本量(含實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組)進(jìn)行整理。研究ID采用“作者+年份(+文獻(xiàn)內(nèi)研究序號(hào)+實(shí)驗(yàn)序號(hào))”方式命名(見(jiàn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)版附錄附表1和附表2)。
進(jìn)一步對(duì)親社會(huì)行為的測(cè)量方式、類(lèi)型、對(duì)象和代價(jià)進(jìn)行編碼: (1)親社會(huì)行為的測(cè)量方式: 自評(píng)量表(即采用成熟或自編量表進(jìn)行親社會(huì)行為的自我評(píng)估, S); 實(shí)驗(yàn)室行為指標(biāo)(即讓被試在情景故事法或獨(dú)裁者游戲等實(shí)驗(yàn)室情境中進(jìn)行親社會(huì)行為的報(bào)告, EB)、真實(shí)情境下的客觀行為指標(biāo)(即觀測(cè)被試置身于真實(shí)情境時(shí)產(chǎn)生的真實(shí)親社會(huì)行為, OB); (2)親社會(huì)行為的類(lèi)型: 利他性親社會(huì)行為(涉及以他人利益為重甚至還可能需要行動(dòng)者付出一定代價(jià)的行為, 如捐贈(zèng)、幫助等, A)、遵規(guī)與公益性親社會(huì)行為(涉及遵守社會(huì)規(guī)則和關(guān)心公眾利益的行為, 如遵守規(guī)則、生態(tài)行為等, B)、關(guān)系性親社會(huì)行為(涉及建立和維護(hù)社會(huì)交往中積極關(guān)系的行為, 如合作、分享等, C)、特質(zhì)性親社會(huì)行為(涉及反映個(gè)體自身優(yōu)良品質(zhì)的行為, 如寬容、慷慨等, D)、不確定(如包含多種親社會(huì)行為的親社會(huì)傾向量表, E); (3)親社會(huì)對(duì)象: 個(gè)人(如幫助某一研究人員, A)、群體(如給受災(zāi)群體的捐贈(zèng)意愿, B)、環(huán)境(如給某個(gè)環(huán)境組織的捐贈(zèng)意愿, C)、全人類(lèi)(如給全人類(lèi)或全球的捐贈(zèng)意愿, D)、不確定(如謙遜行為的親社會(huì)對(duì)象不明確, E); (4)親社會(huì)代價(jià): 有代價(jià)為Y, 無(wú)代價(jià)為N; 進(jìn)一步對(duì)“有代價(jià)”的行為進(jìn)行編碼, 具體為: 時(shí)間(如志愿服務(wù), A)、金錢(qián)(捐贈(zèng)行為, B)、努力(如節(jié)約用電等環(huán)保行為, C)和不確定(如包含多種代價(jià)的親社會(huì)傾向量表, D)。
在相關(guān)研究中, 對(duì)敬畏感測(cè)量涉及的相關(guān)量表進(jìn)行編碼; 在誘發(fā)敬畏感的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究中, 對(duì)敬畏感的效價(jià)、誘發(fā)源、誘發(fā)方式等實(shí)驗(yàn)變量做進(jìn)一步編碼: (1)效價(jià): 積極(P)、消極(N)、不確定(U); (2)誘發(fā)源: 物理(P)、社會(huì)(S)、認(rèn)知(C)、不確定(U); (3)誘發(fā)方式: 視頻(即讓被試觀看一段能夠誘發(fā)敬畏感的視頻, V)、回憶(即通過(guò)指導(dǎo)語(yǔ)讓被試回憶能夠喚起敬畏感的自傳式事件來(lái)誘發(fā)敬畏情緒, R)、圖像(即采用一系列能夠誘發(fā)敬畏感的圖像來(lái)誘發(fā)被試的敬畏感, I)、音樂(lè)(即讓被試聽(tīng)一段能夠喚起敬畏情緒的音樂(lè), M)、文本材料(即讓被試閱讀一段能夠引起敬畏情緒的文字, T)、真實(shí)情境(即讓被試置身于能夠誘發(fā)敬畏感的真實(shí)情境中, RS)。
編碼遵循如下原則: (1)每個(gè)獨(dú)立樣本編碼為獨(dú)立研究, 若一個(gè)研究?jī)?nèi)有多個(gè)效應(yīng)量, 均進(jìn)行編碼。(2)未提供單獨(dú)組別樣本量時(shí), 參考Quarmley等人(2022)的方法, 將總樣本量除以組數(shù)視作各獨(dú)立組的樣本量。
為避免編碼出現(xiàn)較大的主觀性, 研究進(jìn)行了4人(均為心理學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)研究生)的團(tuán)體編碼。首先, 由共同第一作者獨(dú)立完成編碼流程, 制定編碼手冊(cè)(含文獻(xiàn)檢索、文獻(xiàn)篩選、文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評(píng)估、數(shù)據(jù)編碼和元分析過(guò)程五個(gè)部分), 并對(duì)另外三位研究者進(jìn)行編碼培訓(xùn), 明確編碼要求。其次, 4位研究者獨(dú)立完成對(duì)文獻(xiàn)的所有編碼。最后, 4位研究者針對(duì)不一致的編碼結(jié)果進(jìn)行集中討論并達(dá)成一致。所有調(diào)節(jié)變量的編碼Kappa一致性系數(shù)均值為0.81 (范圍位于0.62 ~ 1之間, SD = 0.11), 均處于一致性較好(0.61 ~ 0.80)或非常好("gt;"0.80)的水平, 說(shuō)明編碼的一致性程度較高(Landis amp; Koch, 1977)。
2.1.5""效應(yīng)量的計(jì)算
為了更加精準(zhǔn)地反映敬畏感與親社會(huì)行為之間的關(guān)系, 采用兩類(lèi)效應(yīng)量進(jìn)行計(jì)算: (1)將橫斷面調(diào)查研究的結(jié)果轉(zhuǎn)換為相關(guān)系數(shù)r; (2)將誘發(fā)敬畏感的行為實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果轉(zhuǎn)換為Hedges’"g值。
考察敬畏感與親社會(huì)行為的關(guān)系時(shí), 采用相關(guān)系數(shù)r作為效應(yīng)值。在調(diào)查研究的編碼過(guò)程中, 一些文獻(xiàn)未直接報(bào)告敬畏感和親社會(huì)行為之間的相關(guān)系數(shù)r值, 而是報(bào)告了χ2值等其他統(tǒng)計(jì)量, 我們通過(guò)相應(yīng)的轉(zhuǎn)化公式將其換算成r值(Cooper et al., 2019; Harrer et al., 2021)。為控制樣本量和正態(tài)分布等對(duì)效應(yīng)量的影響, 將相關(guān)系數(shù)r轉(zhuǎn)成Fisher’s z分?jǐn)?shù)進(jìn)行主效應(yīng)和調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)的檢驗(yàn), 計(jì)算完成后, 再將Fisher’s z分?jǐn)?shù)轉(zhuǎn)為相關(guān)系數(shù)r以便解釋?zhuān)–ooper et al., 2019)。元分析中, 相關(guān)系數(shù)r效應(yīng)量大小的判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為: 小效應(yīng)(0.10 ≤"r lt; 0.20)、中效應(yīng)(0.20 ≤"r"lt; 0.30)、大效應(yīng)(r ≥ 0.30) (Gignac"amp; Szodorai, 2016)。
探究敬畏感對(duì)于親社會(huì)行為的影響時(shí), 需要比較敬畏誘發(fā)條件與對(duì)照條件下親社會(huì)行為的差異, 故采用Hedges’"g作為效應(yīng)量。若研究報(bào)告了樣本量、平均數(shù)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差的原始數(shù)據(jù), 則直接采用Hedges’"g的公式進(jìn)行計(jì)算。針對(duì)報(bào)告了t值、χ2值、Odds Radio等統(tǒng)計(jì)量的少量研究, 則通過(guò)相應(yīng)的效應(yīng)量轉(zhuǎn)化公式換算成Hedges’"g效應(yīng)量(Cooper et al., 2019)。元分析中, Hedges’"g效應(yīng)量大小的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為: 小效應(yīng)(0.15 ≤"g lt; 0.36)、中效應(yīng)(0.36 ≤"g lt; 0.65)、大效應(yīng)(g ≥ 0.65) (Lovakov"amp; Agadullina, 2021)。
采用Excel進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)編碼、整理, 并完成效應(yīng)量的轉(zhuǎn)化; 使用R4.4.1中的metafor包以及meta包進(jìn)行元分析。由于納入元分析的單個(gè)研究報(bào)告里包含多個(gè)效應(yīng)量, 本研究采用三水平元分析方法(three-"level meta-analysis)進(jìn)行估計(jì)(Assink amp; Wibbelink, 2016; Harrer et al., 2021)。三水平元分析通過(guò)增加一個(gè)中間水平(即同一個(gè)研究?jī)?nèi)部的效應(yīng)量變異)來(lái)考慮效應(yīng)量之間的依賴(lài)性(Cheung, 2014b), 從而可以將一個(gè)研究中的多個(gè)效應(yīng)同時(shí)納入分析。在三水平元分析中, 效應(yīng)量的變異可以分解為: (1)抽樣的變異(水平1), 即由抽樣方法引起的誤差; (2)研究?jī)?nèi)的變異(水平2): 即同一研究所報(bào)告的多個(gè)效應(yīng)量之間的差異, (3)研究間的變異(水平3), 即源于不同研究所報(bào)告效應(yīng)量的差異(Assink amp; Wibbelink, 2016; Van den Noortgate et al., 2013)。水平1為隨機(jī)誤差, 水平2和3均為系統(tǒng)誤差。
2.1.6""異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)與調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)分析
采用Q檢驗(yàn)和單側(cè)對(duì)數(shù)似然比檢驗(yàn)(one tailed log likelihood ratio tests)進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)(Assink amp; Wibbelink, 2016)。Q檢驗(yàn)是對(duì)每個(gè)效應(yīng)量和總體估計(jì)效應(yīng)量的加權(quán)離差平方和進(jìn)行顯著性檢驗(yàn), 若顯著(p lt; 0.05), 則認(rèn)為效應(yīng)量之間存在顯著異質(zhì)性(Cheung, 2014b; Higgins et al., 2003)。單側(cè)對(duì)數(shù)似然比檢驗(yàn)主要用于比較兩個(gè)具有不同參數(shù)的概率分布模型的擬合優(yōu)度(Assink amp; Wibbelink, 2016)。若三水平模型優(yōu)于兩水平模型(僅自由估計(jì)水平1和水平2, 或是僅自由估計(jì)水平1和水平3)時(shí), 則說(shuō)明研究間或研究?jī)?nèi)方差顯著, 主效應(yīng)中存在異質(zhì)性, 可以進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)檢驗(yàn)以確定異質(zhì)性的來(lái)源(Assink amp; Wibbelink, 2016; Cheung, 2014b; Van den Noortgate et al., 2013)。在調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)檢驗(yàn)中, 本研究將調(diào)節(jié)變量分別作為協(xié)變量加入三水平元分析模型以估計(jì)調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)大小(Assink amp; Wibbelink, 2016; Cheung, 2014b)。
調(diào)查和誘發(fā)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究的調(diào)節(jié)變量均涉及: (1)發(fā)表狀態(tài); (2)被試的人口學(xué)變量, 如平均年齡、女性占比、身份、文化背景等; (3)親社會(huì)行為的測(cè)量方式、類(lèi)型、對(duì)象和代價(jià)。誘發(fā)行為實(shí)驗(yàn)研究的調(diào)節(jié)變量還涉及了敬畏感的效價(jià)、誘發(fā)源和誘發(fā)方式。
2.1.7""發(fā)表偏倚與敏感性分析
采用漏斗圖(funnel plot)、Egger-MLMA回歸檢驗(yàn)和剪補(bǔ)法(trim and fill)進(jìn)行發(fā)表偏倚檢驗(yàn)(Harrer et al., 2021; Rodgers amp; Pustejovsky, 2021)。在漏斗圖中, 若發(fā)現(xiàn)研究均勻分布在總效應(yīng)量?jī)蓚?cè), 說(shuō)明發(fā)表偏倚較小(Sutton et al., 2000); Egger-MLMA回歸結(jié)果不顯著, 則表明發(fā)表偏倚較小(Rodgers amp; Pustejovsky, 2021); 當(dāng)Egger-MLMA回歸顯著(p"lt; 0.05)或漏斗圖呈現(xiàn)效應(yīng)量不對(duì)稱(chēng)分布, 則采用剪補(bǔ)法檢驗(yàn)發(fā)表偏倚給元分析結(jié)果造成的影響。若剪補(bǔ)后的效應(yīng)量未發(fā)生顯著變化, 則可認(rèn)為該元分析結(jié)果受發(fā)表偏倚影響較小(Duval amp; Tweedie, 2000)。
采用異常值和影響力等敏感性分析指標(biāo)考察元分析結(jié)果的穩(wěn)定性(Viechtbauer amp; Cheung, 2010)。其中, 異常值分析的統(tǒng)計(jì)指標(biāo)為學(xué)生化刪除殘差(studentized deleted residual, SDR; Viechtbauer amp; Cheung, 2010)。SDR表示單個(gè)效應(yīng)量觀測(cè)值大小與預(yù)測(cè)的平均效應(yīng)量大小之間的偏差。當(dāng)SDR絕對(duì)值大于1.96時(shí), 表明該效應(yīng)量屬于異常值(Viechtbauer amp; Cheung, 2010)。異常值比例不應(yīng)多于總效應(yīng)量個(gè)數(shù)的1/10 (Viechtbauer amp; Cheung, 2010)。影響力的統(tǒng)計(jì)指標(biāo)包括CD (Cook’s distance; Cook amp; Weisberg, 1982)和DFBETAS (Viechtbauer amp; Cheung, 2010)。CD是指包含某個(gè)效應(yīng)量和不包含某個(gè)效應(yīng)量的預(yù)測(cè)值之間的馬氏距離, DFBETAS是指當(dāng)模型中排除了某個(gè)效應(yīng)量之后相關(guān)性變化的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差。當(dāng)效應(yīng)量的CD值大于0.45 (Cook amp; Weisberg, 1982), 或效應(yīng)量的DFBETAS值大于1時(shí), 表明該效應(yīng)量對(duì)總體效應(yīng)量影響顯著(Viechtbauer amp; Cheung, 2010)。
2.2.1""研究特征
納入元分析的110篇文獻(xiàn)(時(shí)間跨度為2012 ~ 2023年), 共包括221個(gè)研究(69個(gè)調(diào)查研究, 152個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究), 620個(gè)效應(yīng)量, 總樣本量為2, 961, 227人, 成年人占比99.91%, 女性占比59.17%。在同一研究中, 效應(yīng)量數(shù)最少的為1個(gè), 最多的為30個(gè), 納入研究的特征詳見(jiàn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)版附表1和表2。
2.2.2""主效應(yīng)分析和異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)
分別對(duì)調(diào)查研究和實(shí)驗(yàn)研究進(jìn)行主效應(yīng)分析和異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)。調(diào)查研究的主效應(yīng)分析結(jié)果表明, 敬畏感和親社會(huì)行為呈顯著正相關(guān)(r"= 0.37, 95% CI [0.33, 0.41]), 該效應(yīng)量為大效應(yīng)量(Gignac amp; Szodorai, 2016)。對(duì)效應(yīng)量的變異進(jìn)行分解, 結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn), 當(dāng)前研究在研究?jī)?nèi)方差(水平2) (σ2"= 0.015, p lt; 0.001)和研究間方差(水平3) (σ2"= 0.024, p lt; 0.001)均存在顯著差異。在總方差來(lái)源中, 抽樣方差(水平1)為3.74%, 研究?jī)?nèi)方差(水平2)為36.77%, 研究間方差(水平3)為59.48%。此外, 異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)中的Q值顯著(Q"(160) = 3224.13, p lt; 0.001)。以上結(jié)果表明, 調(diào)查研究的主效應(yīng)分析結(jié)果存在異質(zhì)性, 可以進(jìn)一步分析調(diào)節(jié)變量的作用, 以便深入解釋敬畏感與親社會(huì)行為的關(guān)系。
實(shí)驗(yàn)研究的主效應(yīng)分析結(jié)果表明, 敬畏感能夠正向預(yù)測(cè)親社會(huì)行為(g"= 0.59, 95% CI [0.48, 0.69]), 該效應(yīng)量為中效應(yīng)量(Lovakov amp; Agadullina, 2021)。對(duì)效應(yīng)量的變異進(jìn)行分解, 結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn), 當(dāng)前研究在研究?jī)?nèi)方差(水平2) (σ2"= 0.071, p lt; 0.001)和研究間方差(水平3) (σ2"= 0.377, p"lt; 0.001)均存在顯著差異。在總方差來(lái)源中, 抽樣方差(水平1)為0.94%, 研究?jī)?nèi)方差(水平2)為15.69%, 研究間方差(水平3)為83.37%。此外, 異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)中的Q值顯著(Q"(458) = 5248.26, p lt; 0.001)。以上結(jié)果表明, 實(shí)驗(yàn)研究的主效應(yīng)分析結(jié)果存在異質(zhì)性, 可以進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)分析。
綜合調(diào)查研究和實(shí)驗(yàn)研究的元分析結(jié)果表明, 敬畏感和親社會(huì)行為正相關(guān), 該效應(yīng)量為大效應(yīng)量(r"= 0.31, 95% CI [0.27, 0.34])。進(jìn)一步的調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)分析結(jié)果顯示, 敬畏感和親社會(huì)行為的相關(guān)性程度在調(diào)查研究中要顯著高于實(shí)驗(yàn)研究(F"(1, 618) = 7.95, p = 0.005), 調(diào)查研究的效應(yīng)量為大效應(yīng)量(r"= 0.37, 95% CI [0.32, 0.43]), 實(shí)驗(yàn)研究的效應(yīng)量為中效應(yīng)量(r"= 0.27, 95% CI [0.23, 0.31])。
2.2.3""調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)檢驗(yàn)
對(duì)敬畏感和親社會(huì)行為的相關(guān)性進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)分析。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn), 文化背景存在顯著的調(diào)節(jié)作用(F"(1, 159) = 4.79, p = 0.030), 敬畏感和親社會(huì)行為的相關(guān)性在集體主義文化下顯著高于個(gè)人主義文化; 親社會(huì)行為測(cè)量方式存在顯著的調(diào)節(jié)作用(F"(1, 159) = 7.54, p"= 0.007), 敬畏感和主觀報(bào)告的親社會(huì)行為的相關(guān)程度要強(qiáng)于實(shí)驗(yàn)室行為指標(biāo)測(cè)量的親社會(huì)行為; 親社會(huì)行為類(lèi)型的調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)邊緣顯著(F"(3, 121)"= 2.63, p = 0.053), 敬畏感和遵規(guī)與公益性親社會(huì)行為的相關(guān)性較高。論文發(fā)表狀態(tài)、被試身份群體、親社會(huì)對(duì)象、親社會(huì)代價(jià)則不存在顯著的調(diào)節(jié)作用(見(jiàn)表2)。
另外, 考察了平均年齡、女性占比等基本人口學(xué)變量對(duì)敬畏感與親社會(huì)行為相關(guān)性的影響。結(jié)果表明, 相關(guān)性隨著平均年齡、女性占比的提高而下降(β1"= ?0.005, 95% CI [?0.010, ?0.001]; β2"= ?0.533, 95% CI [?0.927, ?0.140])。
敬畏感對(duì)親社會(huì)行為影響的調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)分析結(jié)果表明, 文化背景存在顯著的調(diào)節(jié)作用(F"(1, 453) ="20.65, p lt;"0.001), 相較于個(gè)人主義文化, 集體主義文化下的敬畏感具有更大的親社會(huì)效應(yīng); 敬畏感的效價(jià)存在調(diào)節(jié)作用(F"(1, 425) = 3.95, p = 0.048), 相較于消極敬畏感, 積極敬畏感展現(xiàn)出更強(qiáng)的親社會(huì)效應(yīng); 親社會(huì)行為類(lèi)型的調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)顯著(F"(3, 430) ="3.91, p = 0.009), 敬畏感對(duì)于遵規(guī)與公益性親社會(huì)行為的預(yù)測(cè)水平最高, 對(duì)于特質(zhì)性親社會(huì)行為的預(yù)測(cè)水平最低; 親社會(huì)對(duì)象的調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)顯著(F"(3, 381) = 8.56, p"lt; 0.001), 敬畏感對(duì)以環(huán)境為對(duì)象的親社會(huì)行為的預(yù)測(cè)水平最高; 親社會(huì)行為測(cè)量方式的調(diào)節(jié)作用邊緣顯著(F"(2, 456) = 2.87, p = 0.058), 敬畏感更能預(yù)測(cè)主觀報(bào)告以及實(shí)驗(yàn)室情境下的親社會(huì)行為。論文發(fā)表狀態(tài)、被試身份群體、敬畏感的誘發(fā)源、誘發(fā)方式以及親社會(huì)代價(jià)的調(diào)節(jié)作用不顯著(見(jiàn)表3)。值得注意的是, 敬畏感誘發(fā)源的組間比較結(jié)果表明, 社會(huì)誘發(fā)源邊緣顯著高于物理誘發(fā)源和認(rèn)知誘發(fā)源(p1"= 0.092; p2"= 0.057)。
此外, 敬畏感親社會(huì)效應(yīng)隨著平均年齡的升高而下降(β = ?0.019, 95% CI [?0.036, ?0.003]); 女性占比不起調(diào)節(jié)作用(β = 0.008, 95% CI [?0.909, 0.925])。
2.2.4""敏感性分析
調(diào)查研究和實(shí)驗(yàn)研究的異常值(SDR的絕對(duì)值大于1.96, Viechtbauer amp; Cheung, 2010)分別有5和23個(gè)效應(yīng)量(效應(yīng)量ID分別為21, 77, 105, 117, 145; 152, 154, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 170, 171, 173, 319, 336, 340, 341, 342, 428, 452, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457, 459; 見(jiàn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)版附圖1), 異常值比例未超過(guò)總效應(yīng)量的1/10 (Viechtbauer amp; Cheung, 2010)。進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行影響力分析后發(fā)現(xiàn), 調(diào)查研究和實(shí)驗(yàn)研究的每個(gè)效應(yīng)量和不包含該效應(yīng)量的預(yù)測(cè)值之間的馬氏距離均不大于0.45, 并且在DFBETAS圖中可以看出, 逐一剔除各個(gè)效應(yīng)量后, 模型相關(guān)性變化的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差均沒(méi)有大于1 (Cook amp; Weisberg, 1982; Viechtbauer amp; Cheung, 2010; 見(jiàn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)版附圖2和附圖3)。也就是說(shuō), 雖然研究中存在幾個(gè)異常的效應(yīng)量, 但其并不會(huì)對(duì)研究的分析結(jié)果產(chǎn)生太大影響。綜上, 調(diào)查研究和實(shí)驗(yàn)研究的元分析結(jié)果均穩(wěn)健可靠。
2.2.5 "發(fā)表偏倚檢驗(yàn)
對(duì)調(diào)查研究的發(fā)表偏倚進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)。漏斗圖中, 效應(yīng)量基本均勻分布于中上部及總效應(yīng)量?jī)蓚?cè)(網(wǎng)絡(luò)版附圖4)。進(jìn)一步的Egger-MLMA檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯著, z"(159) = 6.03, p lt; 0.001, 截距為0.31 (SE = 0.05), 表明可能存在一定的發(fā)表偏倚。故進(jìn)一步采用剪補(bǔ)法進(jìn)行發(fā)表偏倚的檢驗(yàn)。檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn), 在未刪除偏離值前, 加入了23個(gè)效應(yīng)量(k = 184, 原k = 161)的Fisher’s z系數(shù)為0.33, 95% CI為[0.30, 0.36], z"(183)"= 19.79, p lt; 0.001。在刪除了敏感性分析中的5個(gè)偏離值, 增加了21個(gè)效應(yīng)量后(k = 177, 原k = 161)的Fisher’s z系數(shù)為0.34, 95% CI為[0.31, 0.37], z"(176) = 21.98, p lt; 0.001。兩者的效應(yīng)量基本一致, 且均為大效應(yīng)量。由此可知, 調(diào)查研究元分析結(jié)果受發(fā)表偏倚影響較小。
對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究的發(fā)表偏倚進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)。漏斗圖中, 效應(yīng)量基本均勻分布于中上部及總效應(yīng)量?jī)蓚?cè), 但有部分效應(yīng)量位于漏斗圖的右下側(cè)(網(wǎng)絡(luò)版附圖4)。進(jìn)一步的Egger-MLMA檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯著, z"(457) = 2.22, p = 0.027, 截距為0.24 (SE = 0.11), 表明存在一定的發(fā)表偏倚。進(jìn)一步的剪補(bǔ)法檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明, 在未刪除偏離值前, 加入了143個(gè)效應(yīng)量(k = 602, 原k = 459)的g效應(yīng)值為0.20, 95% CI為[0.11, 0.28], z"(601)"= 4.55, p lt; 0.001。在刪除了敏感性分析中的23個(gè)偏離值, 增加了129個(gè)效應(yīng)量后(k = 565, 原k ="459)的g效應(yīng)值為0.19, 95% CI為[0.15, 0.24], z"(564) = 8.37, p lt; 0.001。因此, 實(shí)驗(yàn)研究元分析結(jié)果受發(fā)表偏倚影響較小。
3.1.1""文獻(xiàn)篩選及質(zhì)量評(píng)估
在研究1納入的110篇文獻(xiàn)的基礎(chǔ)上, 進(jìn)一步納入以自我消解、自我超越或是兩者為中介的文獻(xiàn)43篇, 排除了與自我消解或自我超越無(wú)關(guān)的文獻(xiàn)67篇。閱讀全文后, 納入報(bào)告了相關(guān)系數(shù)以及可轉(zhuǎn)化成相關(guān)系數(shù)的效應(yīng)量的文獻(xiàn)31篇, 并排除部分變量關(guān)系僅有路徑系數(shù)的文獻(xiàn)12篇。此外, 為較全面地納入以自我消解或自我超越為中介的研究, 本研究啟動(dòng)文獻(xiàn)倒查流程, 追溯發(fā)現(xiàn), 研究1因“實(shí)驗(yàn)研究無(wú)對(duì)照組”而被排除的6篇研究中, 有2篇是以自我消解和自我超越為中介的敬畏感和親社會(huì)行為的研究(研究ID為Newson et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2023), 且報(bào)告了相應(yīng)的相關(guān)系數(shù), 故將其重新納入。最終, 納入文獻(xiàn)33篇, 英文16篇, 中文17篇, 共包含了42個(gè)研究。
2篇新納入文獻(xiàn)的質(zhì)量評(píng)估得分均為8分。42個(gè)研究的平均質(zhì)量評(píng)分為8.00 (得分范圍在6 ~ 11分之間, SD = 1.15), 屬于好(總分"gt; 7)的水平(郭英"等, 2023), 說(shuō)明納入分析的文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量較好。
3.1.2""文獻(xiàn)編碼
在進(jìn)行元分析結(jié)構(gòu)方程模型的擬合時(shí), 可以采用變量間的相關(guān)系數(shù)矩陣進(jìn)行計(jì)算。因此, 數(shù)據(jù)編碼主要圍繞以下兩個(gè)方面展開(kāi): 一是研究特征的基本信息, 如作者、發(fā)表年份等, 同研究1; 二是納入統(tǒng)計(jì)分析的核心數(shù)據(jù), 即各個(gè)變量間的相關(guān)系數(shù)。編碼原則和流程與研究1相同。3名心理學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)研究者的編碼Kappa一致性系數(shù)為0.94, 樣本量及各變量間的相關(guān)系數(shù)的編碼結(jié)果一致性較高(Landis amp; Koch, 1977)。
3.1.3""效應(yīng)量的計(jì)算
為了解決效應(yīng)量的非獨(dú)立性問(wèn)題, 我們選擇了平均同一研究中的相關(guān)系數(shù)效應(yīng)量, 即平均依賴(lài)效應(yīng)(averaging dependent effects; Cooper et al., 2019)。同時(shí), 為控制樣本量和正態(tài)分布等對(duì)效應(yīng)量的影響, 將一個(gè)研究中的相關(guān)系數(shù)r轉(zhuǎn)成Fisher’s z分?jǐn)?shù)進(jìn)行平均數(shù)計(jì)算, 計(jì)算完成后, 再將Fisher’s z分?jǐn)?shù)轉(zhuǎn)為相關(guān)系數(shù)r"(Cooper et al., 2019)。
使用R4.4.1中的metaSEM包進(jìn)行元分析結(jié)構(gòu)方程模型檢驗(yàn)。兩階段結(jié)構(gòu)方程模型(two-stage structural equation modeling, TSSEM)是元分析結(jié)構(gòu)方程模型(meta-analytic structural equation modeling, MASEM)的其中一種方法(Cheung, 2009; Cheung amp; Chan, 2005), 其可以分為兩個(gè)階段: 第一階段主要使用完全信息最大似然估計(jì)法(full information maximum likelihood, ML or FIML)來(lái)匯聚各研究的相關(guān)矩陣; 第二階段則是在第一階段匯聚的相關(guān)矩陣的基礎(chǔ)上, 采用加權(quán)最小二乘法(weighted least square, WLS)來(lái)進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)方程模型的擬合(Valentine et al., 2022)。
3.1.4""異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)
研究使用了Q值和I2值來(lái)考察模型的異質(zhì)性大小。固定效應(yīng)模型的元分析結(jié)構(gòu)方程模型假設(shè)不同研究的總體的相關(guān)矩陣是同質(zhì)的(Cheung, 2014a)。由于納入元分析的多個(gè)研究由不同的實(shí)驗(yàn)者操作、樣本以及測(cè)量方式各不相同, Cheung (2014a)認(rèn)為相關(guān)矩陣同質(zhì)性的假設(shè)是不合理的并進(jìn)一步提出了隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型。在具體的研究分析過(guò)程中, 若Q值的顯著性水平小于0.05, 表示研究之間是異質(zhì)的; I2"gt; 50%則為高異質(zhì)性, 25% ~ 50%為中等異質(zhì)性, lt; 25%為低等異質(zhì)性(Higgins et al., 2003)。若Q值和I2值均呈現(xiàn)出模型具有較高的異質(zhì)性, 則應(yīng)該使用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型。
3.1.5""發(fā)表偏倚檢驗(yàn)
由于納入中介分析的效應(yīng)量明顯更少, 不宜采用漏斗圖及Egger’s回歸(Card, 2012), 故本研究采用失安全系數(shù)進(jìn)行發(fā)表偏倚檢驗(yàn)。失安全系數(shù)由Rosenthal (1979)提出, 是一個(gè)評(píng)估發(fā)表偏倚的有效指標(biāo), 表示為了排除元分析結(jié)果存在發(fā)表偏倚可能性, 至少需要多少個(gè)未經(jīng)發(fā)表的研究, 才能使元分析的結(jié)論發(fā)生逆轉(zhuǎn)。失安全系數(shù)大于5k+10時(shí)(k表示獨(dú)立樣本數(shù)量), 其值越大表明分析結(jié)果的越穩(wěn)定, 研究結(jié)論被推翻的可能性越小; 當(dāng)失安全系數(shù)小于5k+10時(shí), 表明發(fā)表偏倚問(wèn)題需要引起重視。
3.2.1""納入文獻(xiàn)的基本特征
研究納入了33篇文獻(xiàn)(時(shí)間跨度為2015 ~ 2023年), 42個(gè)研究, 30, 045名被試。其中以自我消解為中介的研究12個(gè), 以自我超越為中介的研究26個(gè), 含有兩者的研究4個(gè), 共有42個(gè)相關(guān)矩陣。
3.2.2 "發(fā)表偏倚和異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)
失安全數(shù)的發(fā)表偏倚檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明, 各個(gè)相關(guān)系數(shù)的Nfs值均大于5k+10, 不存在顯著的發(fā)表偏倚。異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn), Q值顯著(Q"(129) = 1539.36, p"lt;"0.001), 表示42項(xiàng)研究的相關(guān)矩陣有較大差異, 同時(shí), 其余兩兩相關(guān)系數(shù)的異質(zhì)性I2系數(shù)都大于50%, 具有較大的異質(zhì)性, 適用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型。
3.2.3""中介效應(yīng)檢驗(yàn)
在TSSEM第一階段中, 我們得到了42項(xiàng)納入研究的敬畏感、自我消解、自我超越和親社會(huì)行為的兩兩相關(guān)合并系數(shù), 六個(gè)相關(guān)系數(shù)均呈現(xiàn)高顯著性(表4)。
TSSEM分析的第二階段結(jié)果表明, 敬畏感到親社會(huì)行為的直接效應(yīng)顯著(β1 = 0.182, 95% CI [0.117, 0.247]), 占總效應(yīng)值(β"= 0.330)的55.2%。從敬畏感到自我消解的路徑系數(shù)顯著(p lt;"0.001), 自我消解到親社會(huì)行為的路徑系數(shù)顯著(p = 0.004), 自我消解的中介效應(yīng)顯著(β2"= 0.060, 95% CI [0.017,"0.105]), 間接效應(yīng)占總效應(yīng)的18.2%。從敬畏感到自我超越的路徑系數(shù)顯著(p lt;"0.001), 自我超越到親社會(huì)行為的路徑系數(shù)也顯著(p lt;"0.001), 自我超越的中介效應(yīng)顯著(β3"= 0.070, 95% CI [0.035, 0.120]), 占總效應(yīng)值的21.2%。進(jìn)一步估計(jì)自我消解和自我超越的鏈?zhǔn)街薪樾?yīng), 結(jié)果表明, 鏈?zhǔn)街薪樾?yīng)不顯著(β4"= 0.017, 95% CI [?0.010, 0.043]) (表5)。進(jìn)一步比較自我消解與自我超越中介效應(yīng)之間的差異, 結(jié)果表明, 二者的簡(jiǎn)單中介效應(yīng)不存在顯著差異(0.060 vs"0.070, Z = ?0.29, p = 0.387)。模型檢驗(yàn)路徑圖見(jiàn)圖2。
人類(lèi)命運(yùn)共同體的構(gòu)建, 離不開(kāi)人與人之間的互信與合作, 更需要人們心懷對(duì)自然、社會(huì)和人類(lèi)命運(yùn)的敬畏。研究首先采用三水平元分析, 從相關(guān)和因果兩個(gè)層面探究敬畏感的親社會(huì)效應(yīng)。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn), 敬畏感不僅與親社會(huì)行為存在顯著正相關(guān), 而且對(duì)親社會(huì)行為具有中等效應(yīng)的正向預(yù)測(cè)作用; 兩者關(guān)系受敬畏感效價(jià)和誘發(fā)源、親社會(huì)行為的類(lèi)型和對(duì)象以及文化背景等因素的影響; 敬畏感不僅可以直接促進(jìn)親社會(huì)行為, 還可以通過(guò)自我消解和自我超越提升親社會(huì)行為。本研究通過(guò)整合性結(jié)果驗(yàn)證了敬畏感的親社會(huì)效應(yīng)及其機(jī)制, 對(duì)推動(dòng)構(gòu)建人類(lèi)命運(yùn)共同體具有一定的啟示。
敬畏感與親社會(huì)行為的關(guān)系一直是研究的熱點(diǎn), 但研究結(jié)果之間存在差異, 給該領(lǐng)域的深入研究帶來(lái)一定困擾。目前, 尚沒(méi)有研究就該問(wèn)題進(jìn)行澄清。本研究借助三水平元分析首次對(duì)二者的相關(guān)及因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)性估計(jì), 結(jié)果表明, 敬畏感與親社會(huì)行為之間正相關(guān)(r = 0.37, 大效應(yīng)), 敬畏感正向預(yù)測(cè)親社會(huì)行為(g"= 0.59, 中效應(yīng))。該結(jié)果驗(yàn)證了假設(shè)1, 支持了敬畏感的親社會(huì)效應(yīng)。從SFT框架來(lái)看, 敬畏感作為集體層面的重要情感, 它會(huì)驅(qū)動(dòng)個(gè)體做出更多有益于集體或社會(huì)的行為, 從而達(dá)成對(duì)集體歸屬需要的滿(mǎn)足(Keltner et al., 2022)。敬畏感還是重要的自我超越情感, 它會(huì)使個(gè)體更少地關(guān)注個(gè)人需求, 轉(zhuǎn)向更加關(guān)注他人或社會(huì)的利益, 做出更多的親社會(huì)行為(Stellar et al., 2017)。
從敬畏感的效價(jià)來(lái)看, 積極敬畏感的親社會(huì)效應(yīng)高于消極敬畏感。假設(shè)2得到支持。整體而言, 二者是“同質(zhì)但有量變”。“同質(zhì)”即積極敬畏感與消極敬畏感均具有親社會(huì)屬性。作為自我超越情感, 無(wú)論是積極還是消極敬畏感, 其功能性?xún)?yōu)勢(shì)均是具有向外的積極引導(dǎo)意義, 使個(gè)體將注意力從自我轉(zhuǎn)向他人, 降低自我顯著性, 更關(guān)注他人需求, 增加對(duì)他人或集體的投入與承諾, 做出多種形式的親社會(huì)行為。“量變”即二者親社會(huì)效應(yīng)存在“量”的差異, 積極高于消極。消極敬畏感因包含了危險(xiǎn)成分, 常與低自我控制、高情境控制和無(wú)力感等相聯(lián)系, 其親社會(huì)效應(yīng)受自尊、解釋水平或關(guān)系強(qiáng)弱等因素調(diào)節(jié)(Hornsey et al., 2018; Septianto et al., 2022; 朱華偉"等, 2019), 導(dǎo)致其綜合效應(yīng)低于積極敬畏感。也有研究者指出, “量”的差異還可能源于內(nèi)在作用機(jī)制的差別: 積極敬畏感主要通過(guò)感知外在的浩大感和高自我控制性影響親社會(huì)行為, 消極敬畏感則主要通過(guò)內(nèi)在的自我渺小感、低自我控制性、無(wú)力感以及時(shí)間壓力影響親社會(huì)行為(Septianto et al., 2022; Takano amp; Nomura, 2023; 朱華偉"等, 2019)。
從敬畏感的誘發(fā)源來(lái)看, 與社會(huì)誘發(fā)源相關(guān)的敬畏感親社會(huì)效應(yīng)更高。假設(shè)3得到支持。社會(huì)誘發(fā)源更能夠反映敬畏感的社會(huì)屬性, 更能夠體現(xiàn)個(gè)體在集體或社會(huì)層面的歸屬需要, 使得敬畏感在情感內(nèi)容與反應(yīng)具有更高的一致性(Keltner et al., 2022), 更好地體現(xiàn)了親社會(huì)性功能。
從親社會(huì)行為類(lèi)型來(lái)看, 敬畏感對(duì)于遵規(guī)與公益性這一親社會(huì)類(lèi)型的效應(yīng)最大。假設(shè)4部分得到支持。遵規(guī)與公益性親社會(huì)行為體現(xiàn)了個(gè)體在群體或社會(huì)價(jià)值層面的歸屬需求, 同時(shí), 它也是整個(gè)親社會(huì)行為網(wǎng)絡(luò)的核心維度(林靚"等, 2024)。敬畏感對(duì)遵規(guī)與公益性更大的效應(yīng), 更好地體現(xiàn)了敬畏感推動(dòng)集體認(rèn)同與社會(huì)公益的情感心向, 對(duì)增進(jìn)共同體意識(shí)和構(gòu)建人類(lèi)命運(yùn)共同體具有重要意義。
從親社會(huì)行為對(duì)象來(lái)看, 當(dāng)對(duì)象為環(huán)境時(shí), 敬畏感的親社會(huì)效應(yīng)最大。假設(shè)5得到部分支持。對(duì)象為環(huán)境的親社會(huì)行為, 即親環(huán)境行為(Lange amp; Dewitte, 2019)。在全球變暖、空氣污染和資源短缺等環(huán)境問(wèn)題突出的時(shí)代背景下, 敬畏感對(duì)親環(huán)境行為的正向效應(yīng)具有重要的意義。喚醒敬畏感, 促進(jìn)親環(huán)境行為, 對(duì)構(gòu)建綠色、環(huán)保、可持續(xù)發(fā)展社會(huì)具有積極啟示。
從文化背景來(lái)看, 相較于個(gè)體主義文化, 集體主義文化下敬畏感的親社會(huì)效應(yīng)更明顯。假設(shè)7得到支持。目前, 直接比較不同文化背景下敬畏感親社會(huì)效應(yīng)的研究很少。集體主義文化背景下敬畏感的親社會(huì)效應(yīng)更高, 符合SFT的情感與文化價(jià)值一致性假設(shè)(Keltner et al., 2022), 也符合集體主義文化的社會(huì)規(guī)范和價(jià)值導(dǎo)向。相較于個(gè)體主義文化強(qiáng)調(diào)關(guān)注自我及周?chē)H密的人, 集體主義文化更強(qiáng)調(diào)關(guān)注自我所在的群體, 并將服務(wù)集體和奉獻(xiàn)社會(huì)作為其主要的價(jià)值導(dǎo)向(Bai et al., 2017; Hofstede, 1984)。
從親社會(huì)行為的代價(jià)來(lái)看, 是否需要付出代價(jià)并沒(méi)有對(duì)敬畏感的親社會(huì)效應(yīng)造成顯著的影響。假設(shè)6沒(méi)有得到支持, 這可能源于: 一是親社會(huì)代價(jià)編碼是基于研究者視角, 跟被試實(shí)際感知不一致; 二是親社會(huì)行為的代價(jià)和測(cè)量方式的影響存在一定的混淆(Ejova et al., 2021); 三是社會(huì)贊許效應(yīng), 即人們會(huì)基于社會(huì)期望報(bào)告出更親社會(huì)的一面(Eisenberger et al., 2004)。
研究結(jié)果表明, 敬畏感不僅直接正向預(yù)測(cè)親社會(huì)行為, 還通過(guò)自我消解和自我超越的并行中介效應(yīng)影響親社會(huì)行為。假設(shè)8得到了支持。已往研究主要考慮自我消解或自我超越單一的中介效應(yīng)問(wèn)題(Bai et al., 2017; Fu et al., 2022; Li, Dou, et al., 2019; Piff et al., 2015), 本研究整合已有研究結(jié)果, 通過(guò)MASEM方法進(jìn)行再建模, 支持了自我消解和自我超越的并行中介機(jī)制, 解決了單個(gè)研究“似是而非”的中介問(wèn)題(Cheung, 2009; Cheung amp; Chan, 2005)。
首先, 是敬畏感親社會(huì)效應(yīng)的自我消解機(jī)制。已有研究主要從感知的自我大小、相較于自我的浩大感和自我反省等三個(gè)不同層面對(duì)自我消解進(jìn)行測(cè)量(Tyson et al., 2022), 均支持了它在敬畏感和親社會(huì)行為之間的中介作用。自我消解中介機(jī)制是“小我”過(guò)程性特征在敬畏感親社會(huì)效應(yīng)中的體現(xiàn), 即敬畏感會(huì)降低自我顯著性(Naclerio amp; Van Cappellen,"2022), 使個(gè)體在概念空間感知上變小(Bai et al., 2017), 反省自我意義的微不足道(Piff et al., 2015)。個(gè)體為了降低自我消解帶來(lái)的威脅感以更好地適應(yīng)環(huán)境或是認(rèn)知的變化(即滿(mǎn)足“小我”需求), 主動(dòng)反思的“自我”向度傾向于讓個(gè)體去融入外部世界, 做出更多的親社會(huì)行為(Bai et al., 2017; Piff et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2023)。
其次, 是敬畏感親社會(huì)效應(yīng)的自我超越機(jī)制。自我超越是個(gè)體打破或超越自我邊界或設(shè)限的過(guò)程(Garcia-Romeu, 2010; Jiang amp; Sedikides, 2022)。自我超越是“大我”過(guò)程性特征在敬畏感親社會(huì)效應(yīng)中的體現(xiàn), 即敬畏感會(huì)促使個(gè)體由關(guān)注“小我”向“大我”轉(zhuǎn)換的過(guò)程, 驅(qū)使個(gè)體通過(guò)多種方式超越自我, 追求真我, 連接“大我”, 跨越個(gè)體生命的永恒和無(wú)限。敬畏感在使個(gè)體產(chǎn)生認(rèn)知圖式改變的需求時(shí), 也會(huì)使個(gè)體超越“小我”的局限, 從一個(gè)更廣闊的視野理解人生意義, 更關(guān)注到群體需求并產(chǎn)生共同體意識(shí), 進(jìn)而產(chǎn)生親社會(huì)行為(Seo et al., 2023; Stellar et al., 2017)。
本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn), 自我消解與自我超越的簡(jiǎn)單中介效應(yīng)差異不顯著, 二者的鏈?zhǔn)街薪樽饔靡参吹玫街С帧T摻Y(jié)果與Jiang和Sedikides(2022)的結(jié)果一致, 即自我消解與自我超越是獨(dú)立的中介機(jī)制, 自我消解并不是自我超越的先決條件。
本研究的理論貢獻(xiàn)主要有: 一是通過(guò)系統(tǒng)性結(jié)果驗(yàn)證了敬畏感的親社會(huì)效應(yīng), 解決了相關(guān)爭(zhēng)議問(wèn)題, 有助于進(jìn)一步理解敬畏感的性質(zhì)與功能; 二是支持了敬畏感影響親社會(huì)行為的自我消解和自我超越雙重中介作用, 有效推動(dòng)了敬畏感的作用機(jī)制研究。本研究也有助于更好地理解人類(lèi)命運(yùn)共同體的情感動(dòng)力與行為路徑, 為推動(dòng)人類(lèi)命運(yùn)共同體建設(shè)提供實(shí)踐啟示。
首先, 應(yīng)培養(yǎng)和喚醒敬畏感, 提高構(gòu)建人類(lèi)命運(yùn)共同體的情感動(dòng)力。關(guān)注經(jīng)驗(yàn)開(kāi)放性及中庸思維方式等人格特征對(duì)敬畏感培養(yǎng)的重要性(Lin, Hong, et al., 2021), 如鼓勵(lì)接觸不同領(lǐng)域知識(shí)以增強(qiáng)經(jīng)驗(yàn)開(kāi)放性, 加強(qiáng)傳統(tǒng)文化熏陶并有意識(shí)地訓(xùn)練理性平和的思維方式。在社會(huì)環(huán)境上, 可以通過(guò)宣傳氣候變化、疾病流行以及道德模范事跡等, 喚起人們對(duì)于自然、生命、道德等的敬畏之情(Luo et al., 2023; Su et al., 2022)。
其次, 以情感促進(jìn)親社會(huì)行為, 拓展人類(lèi)命運(yùn)共同體的行為路徑。敬畏感能夠促進(jìn)著眼于全人類(lèi)共同利益和共同福祉的親社會(huì)行為, 如保護(hù)地球環(huán)境、關(guān)注全球性問(wèn)題(Luo et al., 2023; Yang et al., 2018)。指向全人類(lèi)的親社會(huì)行為對(duì)于推動(dòng)人類(lèi)命運(yùn)共同體的構(gòu)建具有重要意義(Baldassarri amp; Abascal, 2020; 苑明亮"等, 2024)。可以鼓勵(lì)跨文化交流、加強(qiáng)全球公民教育, 有意識(shí)地激發(fā)全球范圍內(nèi)的親社會(huì)行為, 推動(dòng)人類(lèi)命運(yùn)共同體構(gòu)建。
最后, 加強(qiáng)“自我”的自主反思, 更好地將“小我”融入“大我”。應(yīng)加強(qiáng)全社會(huì)的價(jià)值引領(lǐng), 引導(dǎo)人們尤其是青少年始終堅(jiān)持“小我”與“大我”結(jié)合, 自覺(jué)將“小我”融入“大我”, 積極推進(jìn)個(gè)體價(jià)值和全人類(lèi)價(jià)值的融合與實(shí)現(xiàn), 助力人類(lèi)命運(yùn)共同體的構(gòu)建。
本研究存在以下不足, 提示未來(lái)研究方向: 首先, 由于親社會(huì)行為本身的復(fù)雜性, 部分親社會(huì)行為指標(biāo)(如蘊(yùn)含多種類(lèi)型和對(duì)象的親社會(huì)傾向指標(biāo))因類(lèi)型歸屬難以確定未納入分析, 存在部分信息流失問(wèn)題, 未來(lái)有待更為精確的親社會(huì)行為分類(lèi)以厘清這些效應(yīng)的影響。其次, 部分調(diào)節(jié)變量分類(lèi)的效應(yīng)量相對(duì)較少, 如指向全人類(lèi)的親社會(huì)行為類(lèi)型(調(diào)查研究?jī)H9個(gè)效應(yīng)量), 解釋這些結(jié)果時(shí)需謹(jǐn)慎。最后, 由于元分析本身需要一定的研究數(shù)量(Valentine et al., 2022), 目前同時(shí)涉及兩個(gè)中介機(jī)制的研究明顯不足, 期待多變量實(shí)證研究的不斷豐富, 為中介作用的調(diào)節(jié)分析提供條件。
本研究采用三水平元分析和結(jié)構(gòu)方程模型元分析探究敬畏感和親社會(huì)行為的關(guān)系及其內(nèi)在機(jī)制, 得出以下結(jié)論: 敬畏感具有中等及以上程度的親社會(huì)效應(yīng), 其親社會(huì)效應(yīng)會(huì)受到敬畏感的效價(jià)和誘發(fā)源、親社會(huì)行為的類(lèi)型和對(duì)象以及個(gè)體的文化背景的調(diào)節(jié)作用; 敬畏感會(huì)通過(guò)自我消解和自我超越的并行中介作用影響親社會(huì)行為。本研究提示, 喚醒敬畏感, 以?xún)?nèi)生動(dòng)力促進(jìn)個(gè)體更好地將“小我”融入“大我”, 增加親社會(huì)行為, 共筑人類(lèi)命運(yùn)共同體。
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The relationship between awe and prosocial behavior: Three-level meta-analysis and meta-analytic structural equation modeling
LIN Rongmao, YU Qiaohua, HU Tianxiang, ZHANG Jiumei, YE Yushan, LIAN Rong
(School of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117,"China)
Abstract
Awe and prosocial behavior are two crucial indicators of human social development. Their association has garnered widespread attention from researchers. The prosocial effects of awe are supported by the social functionalist theory of emotion as well as the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. Numerous empirical studies have found a positive relationship between awe and prosocial behavior, demonstrating that awe can promote prosocial behavior. However, some contradictory evidence suggest that awe may not always enhance individuals’"willingness to help, donate, or forgive others and may even diminish their prosocial tendencies. Such inconsistency may relate to factors such as the characteristics of awe, the attributes of prosocial behavior, cultural background, etc. Study 1 aimed to explore the correlation and causality between awe and prosocial behavior, along with their potential moderating variables. Furthermore, current studies primarily focus on either self-diminishment or self-transcendence, which can easily lead to the specious mediators problem. Study 2 built upon existing research to explore the mediating roles of self-diminishment and self-transcendence in the relationship between awe and prosocial behavior.
A systematic literature review was conducted using multiple databases, including Web of Science, ProQuest, Science Direct, Google Scholar, CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), CSTJD (China Science and Technology Journal Database), WFD (Wan Fang Data), and PsyArXiv (preprint platform). Data analyses were performed using the meta, metafor, and metaSEM packages in R 4.4.1. Three-level meta-analysis was performed to synthesize the effect sizes and conduct moderator analyses in Study 1. In Study 2, meta-analytic structural equation modeling (MASEM) was employed to synthesize previous mediation studies to explore the theoretical mechanisms underlying the prosocial effects of awe. Publication bias was assessed using Funnel Plots, Egger-MLMA regression tests, Trim and Fill, and Fail-Safe Number. Outlier and influence diagnostics were performed using SDR (studentized deleted residual), CD (Cook’s distance), and DFBETAS.
Through literature search and screening, a total of 110 articles were included in Study 1, comprising 221 studies and 620 effect sizes, with a total sample size of 2,"961,"227 participants. Study 2 identified 33 articles, which included 42 studies and 42 correlation matrices, involving 30,"045 participants. The results of two three-level meta-analyses indicated the correlation between awe and prosocial behavior was significantly positive (r"= 0.37, 95% CI [0.33, 0.41]), and awe could positively predict prosocial behavior (g"= 0.59, 95% CI [0.48, 0.69]). Moderator analyses revealed that awe has greater prosocial effect when the cultural background was collectivist, the valence was positive, the eliciting factor was social, and the type of prosocial behavior was not restricted to individuals. Meanwhile, the association between awe and prosocial behavior was not moderated by induction methods (e.g., recall, video, music, image, text, and real situations) and prosocial costs. The results of the meta-analytic structural equation modeling showed that awe leads to prosocial behavior via self-diminishment and self-transcendence (with mediation effects of 0.060 and 0.070, respectively, accounting for 18.2% and 21.2% of the total effect, respectively). However, the chained mediating effect was not significant.
The study systematically examines the prosocial effects of awe and the conditions that facilitate it. It provides a theoretical foundation for enhancing prosocial behavior through an emotional lens and contributing to the vision of a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind. Additionally, the findings support the psychological mechanisms of self-diminishment and self-transcendence, offering a systematic and integrated theoretical explanation for the prosocial effects of awe.
Keywords "awe, prosocial behavior, three-level meta-analysis, meta-analytic structural equation modeling

