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析說明文主題引出方法,解高考語篇主題意義題

2025-03-27 00:00:00朱敏周燦文
廣東教育·高中 2025年3期
關(guān)鍵詞:說明文方法

說明文類語篇通常遵循一種清晰的結(jié)構(gòu),它由三個(gè)核心部分構(gòu)成:引出主題、主題展開和主題深化。在引出主題的環(huán)節(jié),作者常采用提問法、事例法、反襯法和直白法。這四種方法每一種都有其獨(dú)特的表達(dá)效果,共同的目標(biāo)是幫助讀者迅速把握語篇的主旨。例如,事例法通過講述一個(gè)引人入勝的故事,引導(dǎo)讀者自然地進(jìn)入語篇的主題。相對地,反襯法則通過展示事物之間的差異,強(qiáng)化了主題在讀者心中的印象。

掌握這四種說明文主題的引出方法,考生們將能夠更加熟練地識別和理解說明文的核心議題,從而快速進(jìn)入語篇的深層意義中。這對于提升閱讀理解能力以及答題效率的提升至關(guān)重要。因此,考生應(yīng)重視培養(yǎng)快速識別說明文主題意義的能力,并通過持續(xù)的訓(xùn)練,精進(jìn)自己的閱讀技巧。這樣,在面對說明文閱讀時(shí),無論是日常學(xué)習(xí)還是考試環(huán)境,都能夠游刃有余。

一、說明文引出主題的四種常見方法

以下語段都來自說明文語篇的第一段,并包含主題句。如果沒有主題句,考生需要概括和提煉。通過明晰四種方法如何被用來引出說明文語篇的主題意義,考生能獲取結(jié)構(gòu)化的閱讀策略知識,從而明顯提升在主題獲取方面的效率和準(zhǔn)確性。

1.提問法:語篇開篇即提出一個(gè)問題,接下來給出問題答案,即本說明文語篇的主題。利用提問法引出主題,能夠立即激發(fā)讀者的好奇心,驅(qū)使他們繼續(xù)閱讀以尋找答案。

“Haveyoueverwonderedhowasimpleseedtransformsintoatoweringtree,defyingtheoddsoftimeandnature?Themiraculousprocessofphotosynthesis(光合作用),theverylifebloodofourplanetsgreenery,holdsthekeytothisremarkabletransformation.”

方法闡釋:主題句為“Themiraculousprocessofphotosynthesis,theverylifebloodofourplanetsgreenery,holdsthekeytothisremarkabletransformation.”在呈現(xiàn)該主題句之前,作者通過提問引發(fā)讀者對種子成長為大樹過程的思考,進(jìn)而揭示語篇所探討的主題意義:光合作用這一神奇過程,它是地球上綠色植被生命力的源泉,解釋了植物如何克服自然挑戰(zhàn),實(shí)現(xiàn)驚人成長。

2.事例法:通過敘述具體的事例或故事來引入主題,這種方法使抽象的概念通過生動的情節(jié)變得具體可感。

“IntheheartoftheAmazonrainforest,atinysaplingstrugglestobreakthroughthedensecanopy(樹冠層),reachingforthelightabove.Thistaleofperseverancemirrorsthejourneyofcountlessspeciesadaptingtotheirenvironments,atestamenttothepowerofadaptationinnature.Today,wedelveintothemechanismsthatdrivethisremarkableadaptability.”

方法闡釋:主題句為“Today,wedelveintothemechanismsthatdrivethisremarkableadaptability.”通過講述亞馬遜雨林中小樹苗奮力穿透茂密樹冠、追求光線的生動事例,語篇引出了自然界中生物適應(yīng)環(huán)境的重要性及其背后的機(jī)制。主題句明確指出,語篇將要深入探討推動生物非凡適應(yīng)能力的原理。

3.反襯法:利用對比或?qū)φ盏氖址ǎ瑢⒉煌挛锊⒅茫源送癸@主題的獨(dú)特屬性,增強(qiáng)主題的顯著性。

“WhilethebusycityscapeofTokyothrivesontechnologyandinnovation,thepeacefulricefieldsofKyotowhispertalesofancienttraditionsandharmonywithnature.ThisstrikingcontrastbetweenmodernityandtraditionhighlightsthedualnatureofJapansculturalidentity.Yet,attheheartofthisdifferenceliesasharedcommitmenttopreservingandinnovating,abalancethatfewsocietieshaveachieved.”

方法闡釋:主題句為“Yet,attheheartofthisdifferenceliesasharedcommitmenttopreservingandinnovating,abalancethatfewsocietieshaveachieved.”通過對比東京的繁華與科技創(chuàng)新和京都稻田的寧靜與傳統(tǒng),語篇揭示了日本文化身份中的二元性。主題句強(qiáng)調(diào),盡管存在這種明顯的對比,但兩者都共享著對保護(hù)和創(chuàng)新的承諾,這種平衡是許多社會難以達(dá)到的,從而引出語篇將要探討的主題——如何在現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程中保持文化傳統(tǒng)的平衡。

4.直白法:直接切入主題,以簡潔明快的方式向讀者明確傳遞語篇的中心思想,避免了冗長和拐彎抹角。

“Climatechangeposesanexistentialthreattoourplanet,requiringimmediateandglobalaction.Thisarticleexaminesthecurrentstateofclimatescience,theimpactsofrisingtemperatures,andtheurgentneedforsustainablesolutionstoeaseitseffects.”

方法闡釋:主題句為“Climatechangeposesanexistentialthreattoourplanet,requiringimmediateandconcertedglobalaction.”語篇開篇即直接指出氣候變化對地球構(gòu)成的生存威脅,并強(qiáng)調(diào)需要立即采取全球性的協(xié)同行動。主題句明確無誤地傳達(dá)了語篇的主題意義:分析氣候科學(xué)的現(xiàn)狀、氣溫上升的影響,以及提出緩解這些影響的緊迫需求。

二、四種方法在2023年全國卷語篇中的運(yùn)用示例

在高考英語2003年全國卷試題中,多篇說明文語篇通過提問法、事例法、反襯法和直白法引出所要說明的主題對象。以下是其中四個(gè)語篇示例,有利于考生閱讀策略知識的進(jìn)一步結(jié)構(gòu)化。

(2023年全國甲卷七選五)

TricksToBecomingAPatientPerson

Heresariddle:Whatdotrafficjams,longlinesandwaitingforavacationtostartallhaveincommon?Theresoneanswer.16." " " " " " ".

IntheDigitalAge,wereusedtohavingwhatweneedimmediatelyandrightatourfingertips.However,researchsuggeststhatifwepracticedpatience,wedbeawholelotbetteroff.Hereareseveraltricks.

●Practicegratitude(感激)

Thankfulnesshasalotofbenefits:Researchshowsitmakesushappier,lessstressedandevenmoreoptimistic.17." " " " " "".“Showingthankfulnesscanfosterself-control,”saidYeLi,researcherattheUniversityofCalifornia.

●Makeyourselfwait

Instantgratification(滿足)mayseemlikethemost“feelgood”optionatthetime,butpsychologyresearchsuggestswaitingforthingsactuallymakesushappierinthelongrun.Andtheonlywayforustogetintothehabitofwaitingistopractice.18..Putoffwatchingyourfavoriteshowuntiltheweekendorwait10extraminutesbeforegoingforthatcake.Youllsoonfindthatthemorepatienceyoupractice,themoreyoustarttoapplyittoother,moreannoyingsituations.

●19." " " " " ".

Somanyofushavethebeliefthatbeingcomfortableistheonlystatewewilltolerate,andwhenweexperiencesomethingoutsideofourcomfortzone,wegetimpatientaboutthecircumstances.Youshouldlearntosaytoyourself,“20." " " " " " "".”Youllthengraduallybecomemorepatient.

A.Findyourcauses

B.Startwithsmalltasks

C.Accepttheuncomfortable

D.Allthisaddsuptoastateofhurry

E.Itcanalsohelpuspracticemorepatience

F.Thisismerelyuncomfortable,notintolerable

G.Theyreallsituationswherewecouldusealittleextrapatience

(答案:GEBCF)

示例分析:本語篇第一段和第二段可以結(jié)合在一起進(jìn)行閱讀,其使用提問法引出主題:成為耐心之人的技巧(However,researchsuggeststhatifwepracticedpatience,wedbeawholelotbetteroff.Hereareseveraltricks.)這種提問的引入方式激發(fā)了讀者的好奇心。接著,語篇在隨后的內(nèi)容中揭示了這些情境的共同點(diǎn)是它們都需要我們展現(xiàn)出更多的耐心。明白此種引出主題的方法能幫助考生快速把握語篇的主旨,即探討如何成為更有耐心的人。在明晰語篇主題意義后,考生能將文本中各段的意義迅速串聯(lián)起來,從而為后面的解題分析提供支持。

(2023年新課標(biāo)II卷C篇)

ReadingArt:ArtforBookLoversisacelebrationofaneverydayobject—thebook,representedhereinalmostthreehundredartworksfrommuseumsaroundtheworld.Theimageofthereaderappearsthroughouthistory,inartmadelongbeforebooksaswenowknowthemcameintobeing.Inartistsrepresentationsofbooksandreading,weseemomentsofsharedhumanitythatgobeyondcultureandtime.

Inthis“bookofbooks,”artworksareselectedandarrangedinawaythatemphasizestheseconnectionsbetweendifferenterasandcultures.Weseescenesofchildrenlearningtoreadathomeoratschool,withthebookasafocusforrelationsbetweenthegenerations.Adultsareportrayed(描繪)aloneinmanysettingsandposes—absorbedinavolume,deepinthoughtorlostinamomentofleisure.Thesescenesmayhavebeenpaintedhundredsofyearsago,buttheyrecordmomentswecanallrelateto.

Booksthemselvesmaybeusedsymbolicallyinpaintingstodemonstratetheintellect(才智),wealthorfaithofthesubject.Beforethewideuseoftheprintingpress,booksweretreasuredobjectsandcouldbeworksofartintheirownright.Morerecently,asbookshavebecomeinexpensiveoreventhrowaway,artistshaveusedthemastherawmaterialforartworks—transformingcovers,pagesorevencompletevolumesintopaintingsandsculptures.

Continueddevelopmentsincommunicationtechnologieswereoncebelievedtomaketheprintedpageoutdated.Froma21st-centurypointofview,theprintedbookiscertainlyancient,butitremainsasinteractiveasanybattery-powerede-reader.Toserveitsfunction,abookmustbeactivatedbyauser:thecoveropened,thepagesparted,thecontentsreviewed,perhapsnoteswrittendownorwordsunderlined.Andincontrasttoourincreasinglynetworkedliveswheretheinformationweconsumeismonitoredandtracked,aprintedbookstilloffersthechanceofawhollyprivate,“off-line”activity.

示例分析:本語篇沒有明顯主題句,作者在第一段中采用事例法引出主題:書籍在藝術(shù)歷史中的表現(xiàn)以及書籍與閱讀在視覺文化中的重要性。在呈現(xiàn)主題之前,作者使用了勾勒書籍閱讀者認(rèn)真形象這樣的事例來引出。這種主題引出手法不僅新穎,而且令人印象深刻,使讀者能夠立即與書籍建立起情感上的聯(lián)系,進(jìn)而深入思考書籍在人類歷史和文化中的深遠(yuǎn)影響。

(2023年全國甲卷語法填空)

Forthousandsofyears,peoplehavetoldfables(寓言)41." " " " "(teach)alessonortopassonwisdom.Fableswerepartoftheoraltraditionofmanyearlycultures,andthewell-knownAesopsfablesdatetothe42." " " " " "(six)century,B.C.Yet,theformofthefablestillhasvaluestoday,43." " " " "RachelCarsonsaysin“AFableforTomorrow”

Carsonusesasimple,directstylecommontofable.Infact,herstyleandtone(口吻)areseeminglydirectedatchildren.“TherewasonceatownintheheartofAmerica,44" " " " " " ".alllifeseemedtoenjoypeacefulexistencewithitssurroundings,”herfablebegins,45." " " " " " "(borrow)somefamiliarwordsfrommanyage-oldfables.Behindthesimplestyle,however,isaseriousmessage46." " " " " ""(intend)foreveryone.

47" " " " " "(difference)fromtraditionalfables,Carsonsstoryendswithanaccusationinsteadofamoral.Shewarnsoftheenvironmentaldangersfacingsociety,andsheteachesthatpeoplemusttakeresponsibility48." " " " " ""savingtheirenvironment.

Thethemesoftraditionalfablesoftendealwithsimpletruthsabouteverydaylife.However,Casonsthemeisamoreweighty49." " " " ""(warn)aboutenvironmentaldestruction.Carsonprovesthatasimplelyricformthathasbeenpasseddownthroughtheagescanstill50." " " " " " ""(employ)todaytodrawattentiontoimportanttruths.

(答案:41.toteach42.sixth43.as44.where45.borrowing46.intended47.Different

48.for49.warning50.beemployed)

示例分析:本語篇主題句為“Yet,theformofthefablestillhasvaluestoday,asRachelCarsonsaysin‘AFableforTomorrow.’”作者使用反襯法引出這一主題:寓言這一古老文學(xué)形式如何在現(xiàn)代社會中煥發(fā)新生,承擔(dān)起提醒和教育人們關(guān)注環(huán)境問題的使命。作者巧妙地運(yùn)用了連接詞“yet”,構(gòu)建了一種先抑后揚(yáng)的敘述手法,首先承認(rèn)寓言故事作為一種古老的文學(xué)形式,似乎與現(xiàn)代生活格格不入,但緊接著筆鋒一轉(zhuǎn),提出寓言故事依然具有其不朽的文學(xué)價(jià)值和現(xiàn)實(shí)意義這一主題。

(2023年全國甲卷C篇)

Grizzlybears,whichmaygrowtoabout2.5mlongandweighover400kg,occupyaconflictedcorneroftheAmericanpsyche—werevere(敬畏)themevenastheygiveusfrighteningdreams.AskthetouristsfromaroundtheworldthatfloodintoYellowstoneNationalParkwhattheymosthopetosee,andtheiranswerisoftenthesame:agrizzlybear.

“Grizzlybearsarere-occupyinglargeareasoftheirformerrange,”saysbearbiologistChrisServheen.Asgrizzlybearsexpandtheirrangeintoplaceswheretheyhaventbeenseeninacenturyormore,theyreincreasinglybeingsightedbyhumans.

ThewesternhalfoftheU.S.wasfullofgrizzlieswhenEuropeanscame,witharoughnumberof50,000ormorelivingalongsideNativeAmericans.Bytheearly1970s,aftercenturiesofcruelandcontinuoushuntingbysettlers,600to800grizzliesremainedonamere2percentoftheirformerrangeintheNorthernRockies.In1975,grizzlieswerelistedundertheEndangeredSpeciesAct.

Today,thereareabout2,000ormoregrizzlybearsintheU.S.TheirrecoveryhasbeensosuccessfulthattheU.S.FishandWildlifeServicehastwiceattemptedtodelistgrizzlies,whichwouldloosenlegalprotectionsandallowthemtobehunted.Botheffortswereoverturnedduetolawsuitsfromconservationgroups.Fornow,grizzliesremainlisted.

Obviously,ifprecautions(預(yù)防)arenttaken,grizzliescanbecometroublesome,sometimeskillingfarmanimalsorwalkingthroughyardsinsearchoffood.Ifpeopleremovefoodandattractantsfromtheiryardsandcampsites,grizzlieswilltypicallypassbywithouttrouble.Puttingelectricfencingaroundchickenhousesandotherfarmanimalquartersisalsohighlyeffectiveatgettinggrizzliesaway.“Ourhopeistohaveaclean,attractant-freeplacewherebearscanpassthroughwithoutlearningbadhabits,”saysJamesJonkel,longtimebiologistwhomanagesbearsinandaroundMissoula.

示例分析:本語篇直接以“Grizzlybear”(灰熊)作為主題詞,開門見山地在語篇開頭明確了討論的核心。這種直白法的引入方式迅速將讀者的注意力聚焦于主題,為深入探討奠定了基礎(chǔ)。

三、四種方法在2024年全國卷語篇中的實(shí)踐

通過明晰引出說明文主題的四種方法,考生獲取了結(jié)構(gòu)化的閱讀策略知識,如何將這些策略運(yùn)用到實(shí)際的閱讀解題中呢?以下是在前面知識結(jié)構(gòu)化基礎(chǔ)上所做的進(jìn)一步探討:如何將結(jié)構(gòu)化的閱讀策略知識運(yùn)用到2024年全國卷說明文語篇的真實(shí)情境中去解決實(shí)際問題。

(2024年新高考I卷D篇)

IntheracetodocumentthespeciesonEarthbeforetheygoextinct,researchersandcitizenscientistshavecollectedbillionsofrecords.Today,mostrecordsofbiodiversityareoftenintheformofphotos,videos,andotherdigitalrecords.Thoughtheyareusefulfordetectingshiftsinthenumberandvarietyofspeciesinanarea,anewStanfordstudyhasfoundthatthistypeofrecordisnotperfect.

“Withtheriseoftechnologyitiseasyforpeopletomakeobservationsofdifferentspecieswiththeaidofamobileapplication,”saidBarnabasDaru,whoisleadauthorofthestudyandassistantprofessorofbiologyintheStanfordSchoolofHumanitiesandSciences.“Theseobservationsnowoutnumbertheprimarydatathatcomesfromphysicalspecimens(標(biāo)本),andsinceweareincreasinglyusingobservationaldatatoinvestigatehowspeciesarerespondingtoglobalchange,Iwantedtoknow:Aretheyusable?”

Usingaglobaldatasetof1.9billionrecordsofplants,insects,birds,andanimals,Daruandhisteamtestedhowwellthesedatarepresentactualglobalbiodiversitypatterns.

“Wewereparticularlyinterestedinexploringtheaspectsofsamplingthattendtobias(使有偏差)data,likethegreaterlikelihoodofacitizenscientisttotakeapictureofafloweringplantinsteadofthegrassrightnexttoit,”saidDaru.

Theirstudyrevealedthatthelargenumberofobservation-onlyrecordsdidnotleadtobetterglobalcoverage.Moreover,thesedataarebiasedandfavorcertainregions,timeperiods,andspecies.Thismakessensebecausethepeoplewhogetobservationalbiodiversitydataonmobiledevicesareoftencitizenscientistsrecordingtheirencounterswithspeciesinareasnearby.Thesedataarealsobiasedtowardcertainspecieswithattractiveoreye-catchingfeatures.

Whatcanwedowiththeimperfectdatasetsofbiodiversity?

“Quitealot,”Daruexplained.“Biodiversityappscanuseourstudyresultstoinformusersofoversampledareasandleadthemtoplaces—andevenspecies—thatarenotwell-sampled.Toimprovethequalityofobservationaldata,biodiversityappscanalsoencourageuserstohaveanexpertconfirmtheidentificationoftheiruploadedimage.”

主題引入解讀:本語篇的主題句為:Thoughtheyareusefulfordetectingshiftsinthenumberandvarietyofspeciesinanarea,anewStanfordstudyhasfoundthatthistypeofrecordisnotperfect.首段使用反襯法來引出主題:盡管數(shù)字記錄對于檢測物種數(shù)量和多樣性的變化很有用,但斯坦福大學(xué)的一項(xiàng)新研究發(fā)現(xiàn),這種記錄并不完美。語篇開頭提到了在記錄地球物種的競賽中,研究人員和公民科學(xué)家已經(jīng)收集了數(shù)十億的記錄,這些記錄大多數(shù)是以照片、視頻和其他數(shù)字記錄的形式存在。這里暗示了一個(gè)普遍的觀點(diǎn),即數(shù)字記錄是記錄生物多樣性的有效方式。

緊接著,語篇通過引入斯坦福大學(xué)的一項(xiàng)新研究,提出了一個(gè)相反的觀點(diǎn),即這種類型的記錄并不完美。這種轉(zhuǎn)折突出了語篇的主題,即盡管數(shù)字記錄在某些方面很有用,但它們在記錄生物多樣性方面存在局限性。語篇進(jìn)一步通過研究者的發(fā)現(xiàn)來支持這個(gè)相反的視角,指出觀察記錄在覆蓋全球生物多樣性方面并沒有帶來預(yù)期的效果,并且這些數(shù)據(jù)存在偏差,傾向于某些地區(qū)、時(shí)間段和物種。最后,語篇提出了改進(jìn)這些不完美數(shù)據(jù)集的方法,這進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化了主題,即雖然存在問題,但可以通過特定的方法來提高數(shù)據(jù)的質(zhì)量和代表性。

通過這種反襯法,語篇有效地引出了主題,即數(shù)字記錄在生物多樣性研究中的局限性,并提出了可能的解決方案。這種方法不僅引起了讀者的興趣,而且為語篇的討論設(shè)定了基調(diào)。

基于語篇的主題意義解答試卷第33題:

33.WhatdoesDarusstudyfocuson?

A.Threatenedspecies.

B.Physicalspecimens.

C.Observationaldata.

D.Mobileapplications.

答題分析:根據(jù)語篇主題,我們知道研究關(guān)注的是記錄的不完美性。結(jié)合語篇第三段“Usingaglobaldatasetof1.9billionrecordsofplants,insects,birds,andanimals,Daruandhisteamtestedhowwellthesedatarepresentactualglobalbiodiversitypatterns.”,可以得知Daru為了解決記錄不完美這一問題,其研究使用了全球數(shù)據(jù)集來測試這些數(shù)據(jù)如何代表實(shí)際的全球生物多樣性模式,并探討了導(dǎo)致數(shù)據(jù)偏差的采樣方面。這表明研究的焦點(diǎn)是觀察數(shù)據(jù),因此本次選C。

(2024年新高考II卷C篇)

Weallknowfreshisbestwhenitcomestofood.However,mostproduceatthestorewentthroughweeksoftravelandcoveredhundredsofmilesbeforereachingthetable.Whilefarmersmarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.

BMFisanindoorgardensystem.Itcanbesetupforafamily.Additionally,itcouldservealargeraudiencesuchasahospital,restaurantorschool.Theinnovativedesignrequireslittleefforttoachieveareliableweeklysupplyoffreshgreens.

Specifically,itsafarmthatreliesonnewtechnology.ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,BMFisremotelymonitored.Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemisautomated,itsignificantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,thesystemprovidesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.Afterharvest,userssimplyreplacetheplantswithanewpre-seededpod(容器)togetthenextgrowthcyclestarted.

Moreover,havingasysteminthesamebuildingwhereitseatenmeanszeroemissions(排放)fromtransportingplantsfromsoiltosalad.Inaddition,theresnoneedforpesticidesandotherchemicalsthatpollutetraditionalfarmsandthesurroundingenvironment.

BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingle-useplastic.“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment,”saidaBMFemployee.

主題引入解讀:此語篇的主題句是:Whilefarmersmarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.”語篇第一段通過反襯法引出主題,即首先提出一個(gè)普遍現(xiàn)象(大多數(shù)食品在到達(dá)餐桌前經(jīng)歷了長途運(yùn)輸),然后介紹BMF如何通過創(chuàng)新來解決這個(gè)問題。這種寫作手法有效地突出了BMF的特點(diǎn)和優(yōu)勢。

基于語篇的主題意義解答試卷第11題:

11.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?

A.BMFsmajorstrengths.

B.BMFsgeneralmanagement.

C.BMFsglobalinfluence.

D.BMFstechnicalstandards.

答題分析:這道題要求概括語篇的主要內(nèi)容,而語篇主要討論的是BMF如何通過減少食品運(yùn)輸距離來提高食品的新鮮度和可持續(xù)性。選項(xiàng)A“BMFsmajorstrengths”最符合語篇的主題,因?yàn)檎Z篇通過介紹BMF的創(chuàng)新系統(tǒng)和員工的環(huán)保行為,展示了BMF的主要優(yōu)勢。

(2024年新高考II卷D篇)

GiventheastonishingpotentialofAItotransformourlives,weallneedtotakeactiontodealwithourAI-poweredfuture,andthisiswhereAIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtificialIntelligencecomesin.ThisabsorbingnewbookbyCatrionaCampbellisapracticalroadmapaddressingthechallengesposedbytheforthcomingAIrevolution(變革).

Inthewronghands,suchabookcouldproveascomplicatedtoprocessasthecomputercode(代碼)thatpowersAIbut,thankfully,Campbellhasmorethantwodecadesprofessionalexperiencetranslatingtheheadyintotheunderstandable.Shewritesfromthepracticalangleofabusinesspersonratherthanasanacademic,makingforaguidewhichishighlyaccessibleandinformativeandwhich,bytheclose,willmakeyoufeelalmostassmartasAI.

AswesooncometolearnfromAIbyDesign,AIisalreadysuper-smartandwillbecomemorecapable,movingfromthecurrentgenerationof“narrow-AI”toArtificialGeneralIntelligence.Fromthere,Campbellsays,willcomeArtificialDominantIntelligence.ThisiswhyCampbellhassetouttoraiseawarenessofAIanditsfuturenow—severaldecadesbeforethesedevelopmentsareexpectedtotakeplace.Shesaysitisessentialthatwekeepcontrolofartificialintelligence,orriskbeingsidelinedandperhapsevenworse.

CampbellspointistowakeupthoseresponsibleforAI—thetechnologycompaniesandworldleaders—sotheyareonthesamepageasalltheexpertscurrentlydevelopingit.Sheexplainsweareata“tippingpoint”inhistoryandmustactnowtopreventanextinction-leveleventforhumanity.WeneedtoconsiderhowwewantourfuturewithAltopanout.Suchstructuredthinking,followedbyglobalregulation,willenableustoachievegreatnessratherthanourdownfall.

AIwillaffectusall,andifyouonlyreadonebookonthesubject,thisisit.

主題引入解讀:語篇的主題句是第一句:GiventheastonishingpotentialofAItotransformourlives,weallneedtotakeactiontodealwithourAI-poweredfuture,andthisiswhereAIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtificialIntelligencecomesin.這句話直接引出了主題(直白法),即AI對人類生活的潛在影響以及我們需要采取行動來應(yīng)對AI驅(qū)動的未來,而AIbyDesign這本書正是為了應(yīng)對這一挑戰(zhàn)。

基于語篇的主題意義解答試卷第15題:

15.Whatistheauthorspurposeinwritingthetext?

A.TorecommendabookonAI.

B.TogiveabriefaccountofAIhistory.

C.ToclarifythedefinitionofAI.

D.TohonoranoutstandingAIexpert.

答題分析:這道題要求概括作者寫作的目的,而語篇的主要目的是推薦一本關(guān)于AI的書,這本書旨在幫助人們理解和準(zhǔn)備應(yīng)對AI驅(qū)動的未來。選項(xiàng)A“TorecommendabookonAI.”最符合語篇的主題,因?yàn)檎Z篇都在介紹這本書的內(nèi)容和重要性。

四、即學(xué)即用

Itsoundslikeamathproblem.Howdoyoumakeoneoftheworldsmostfamousancientsitesbigger?Youcantbuildmoreofit.

Sowithevermoretouristspouringintothesite,theteambehindtheArchaeologicalParkofPompeiihavefoundaplanB—dividingvisitorsaroundancientsitesthatarefarther,withall-in-oneticketsandbuseslaidonbetweenthesites.

TheancientcityofPompeiiwillbeadispersedarchaeologicalpark,includingthearchaeologicalareasofPompeiiitself,aswellasfamousoldhousesinnearbyvillagesortowns.ThesiteshavealreadybecomepartoftheArchaeologicalParkofPompeii,butuntilnow,theyhavebeensellingtheirowntickets.Theyarealsofarawayfromeachother—theparkssitescrossaround8miles—withlittlepublictransporttosomeofthem.

Theinaccessibilitytotheoldhousesmeansthatvisitornumbersarelow.WhilenearlyfourmillionpeoplevisitedPompeiiitselfin2019,only55,000madeittoseeHouseA,whichisthoughttohavebeenownedbytheemperorNeroandhissecondwife.Only52,000wentasfarasthetwohousesatStabiae,HouseAriannaandHouseSanMarco.ButvisitornumberstoPompeiirosefromunder2.7millionin2014toover3.9millionby2019.InJuly2023,arecord21,141peoplevisitedtheparkinasingleday.

Abusservicearoundthesites—thePompeiiArtebus—wasstartedin2021.Ticketsfortheconnectedsiteswillbeacceptableforthreedays,withfreebusesconnectingallthesites.

1.HowistheArchaeologicalParkofPompeiimadebigger?

A.Bybuildingmoreofit.

B.Byimprovingtheservice.

C.Byconnectingnearbysites.

D.Byattractingmoretourists.

2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“scattered”inparagraph3probablymean?

A.Narrow.B.Private.

C.Impressive.D.Spread-out.

3.WhatcanbelearnedaboutPompeiiitselffromparagraph4?

A.Ithaslostitsattraction.

B.Itwasrebuiltin2019.

C.Itisfreeforvisitorsallthetime.

D.Itisovercrowdedwithvisitors.

4.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?

A.TheArchaeologicalParkofPompeiigettingbigger.

B.TheancientPompeiibringinginmoderntransport.

C.TheArchaeologicalParkofPompeiigettingmorepopular.

D.TheancienthousesinPompeiichangingtheirtickets.

語篇主題及答案解析:本文是一篇說明文。此語篇的主題句是:“Howdoyoumakeoneoftheworldsmostfamousancientsitesbigger?Youcantbuildmoreofit.”通過提問法來引出主題,即如何在不增加物理空間的情況下擴(kuò)大一個(gè)古代遺址公園的規(guī)模。基于語篇主題意義,可快速且有效地解答第4題。

1.答案C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“dividingvisitorsaroundancientsitesthatarefarther,withall-in-oneticketsandbuseslaidonbetweenthesites”可知,通過整合周圍的景點(diǎn)來擴(kuò)大龐貝考古公園。

2.答案D詞義猜測題。根據(jù)后文中的“Theyarealsofarawayfromeachother—theparkssitescrossaround8miles—withlittlepublictransporttosomeofthem.”可知,該詞意為“分散的”。

3.答案D推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段中的“ButvisitornumberstoPompeiirosefromunder2.7millionin2014toover3.9millionby2019.InJuly2023,arecord21,141peoplevisitedtheparkinasingleday.”可知,龐貝考古公園本身人滿為患。

4.答案A主旨大意題。答案與首段主題句提出的主題意義直接相關(guān)。A選項(xiàng)意為:龐貝考古公園正在擴(kuò)大其規(guī)模或范圍。語篇主題意義為:如何在不增加物理空間的情況下擴(kuò)大一個(gè)古代遺址公園的規(guī)模。

五、備考建議

在高考英語備考過程中,掌握說明文結(jié)構(gòu)化的閱讀策略對于提高答題效率和準(zhǔn)確率至關(guān)重要。說明文通常遵循引出主題、主題展開和主題深化的結(jié)構(gòu),而作者常通過提問法、事例法、反襯法和直白法這四種方法來引出主題。這些方法各有特點(diǎn),但共同目標(biāo)是幫助讀者迅速把握語篇的主旨。

為了有效應(yīng)對高考英語閱讀理解中的說明文,建議考生首先對這四種主題引出方法進(jìn)行深入理解和練習(xí),從而能夠在閱讀語篇時(shí),迅速識別作者使用的引出方法,并預(yù)測語篇的走向。例如,當(dāng)作者使用提問法時(shí),考生應(yīng)意識到語篇可能圍繞這個(gè)問題展開,并尋找答案;當(dāng)使用事例法時(shí),考生應(yīng)關(guān)注事例如何與主題相聯(lián)系,并理解其象征意義。在實(shí)際練習(xí)中,考生可以將這些策略應(yīng)用到歷年高考真題中,通過不斷練習(xí),提高對不同引出方法的敏感度和識別速度,最終達(dá)到快速獲取主題信息和快速、正確答題的目的。

【本文系海南省教育科學(xué)規(guī)劃課題“指向讀后續(xù)寫的英語經(jīng)典小說閱讀課CASE教學(xué)模式研究”(課題編號:QJH202310159,主持人:朱敏)研究成果】

【作者簡介:朱敏,中學(xué)英語高級教師,教研組長,朱敏高中英語名師工作室主持人,三亞市高中英語兼職教研員。曾獲長沙市國開教育者,長沙市優(yōu)秀教師和長沙市三區(qū)支教優(yōu)秀教師等榮譽(yù)稱號。獲得市高中英語示范課一等獎和片段教學(xué)比武特等獎等榮譽(yù),在省部級刊物上發(fā)表英語專業(yè)教學(xué)論文11篇,參與教育教學(xué)著作編寫3本。周燦文,三亞市教育研究培訓(xùn)院高中英語教研員。曾榮獲三亞市教壇新秀,教學(xué)能手,優(yōu)秀指導(dǎo)教師,市教育系統(tǒng)優(yōu)秀教師,骨干教師,學(xué)科帶頭人,卓越教師工作室主持人,第十一屆全國中小學(xué)外語教師園丁獎。主持省課題一項(xiàng)獲良好,參與課題多項(xiàng);論文累計(jì)多次獲省、市獎并有發(fā)表,三亞市教研先進(jìn)個(gè)人,被海南省教培院評為省優(yōu)秀教研員】

責(zé)任編輯吳昊雷

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