



摘要:CRISPR/Cas9(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated protein 9)基因編輯技術可以對特定基因進行改造,從而實現目標性狀的定向改良,在作物遺傳改良中具有良好的應用前景。而基于雄性不育系建立的雜交水稻育種體系是水稻雜種優勢利用的重要途徑,編輯水稻雄性不育基因能夠定向創制新的雄性不育種質,有助于豐富雜交水稻不育系遺傳資源,更好地利用水稻雜種優勢。綜述了CRISPR/Cas9基因編輯技術創制水稻雄性不育系的研究進展,展望了基因編輯水稻雄性不育系未來研究方向,以期為雜交水稻育種技術的創新與發展提供參考。
關鍵詞:基因編輯;水稻;雄性不育系;育種應用
doi:10.13304/j.nykjdb.2023.0460
中圖分類號:S511;Q789 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:10080864(2025)03002411
基因編輯技術主要是指利用人工設計和改造的序列特異性核酸酶靶向識別切割目標基因組位點而造成DNA鏈斷裂,誘發生物體的非同源末端連接或同源重組等DNA修復機制,從而導致修復基因位點的堿基變異,達到對靶基因的精確編輯[1]。基于CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularlyinterspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPRassociatedprotein 9)的基因編輯系統能夠對生物體特定DNA序列進行編輯,從而實現基因定向修飾,具有操作便捷、高效編輯、通用性廣等特點。隨著越來越多的植物參考基因組,尤其是水稻等主要糧食作物的高質量參考基因組序列的公布,以基因編輯為代表的遺傳操作技術更加廣泛地用于植物基因功能解析和農藝性狀改良,表現出廣闊的應用前景。
水稻雜種優勢利用是提高水稻產量的重要途徑,發展雜交稻對于保障我國糧食安全具有重大意義。袁隆平院士明確提出了雜交水稻育種從三系法到兩系法、再到一系法的發展戰略[2]。三系法和兩系法已十分成熟,通過制種實現雜交水稻的規模化生產。其中,水稻雄性不育系是水稻雜種優勢利用的關鍵,目前主要是利用自然不育突變材料為供體進行雜交選育,但水稻自然雄性不育具有不可預見性,且利用自然不育材料通過常規育種手段創制新的實用性水稻雄性不育系,具有育種周期長、效率低等缺點,嚴重制約了水稻雄性不育系的育種利用。選擇性狀優異的水稻材料對已知雄性不育基因進行編輯,可以快速創制具有實用價值的雄性不育系,拓寬水稻雄性不育系的遺傳多樣性,更好地利用水稻品種間或亞種間的雜種優勢。近年來,隨著功能基因組學和基因工程技術的發展,控制減數分裂(如MiMe[34])、單倍體誘導(如BBM1[5]、MTL[6]、CENH3[7]、DMP[8])等相關基因被挖掘,結合基因編輯技術對水稻REC、PAIR、OSD1 及MTL 同時編輯,可以通過無融合生殖初步實現雜種優勢固定,為一系法雜交水稻育種奠定了堅實基礎[9],為進一步實現水稻遠緣雜種優勢利用提供有效途徑,且較三系法和兩系法而言,一系法能夠減少制種環節,降低水稻生產風險,具有良好的應用前景。本文總結了水稻不育類型,綜述了CRISPR/Cas9編輯系統在創制水稻不育系中的研究進展,并展望了其未來發展方向,以期為雜交水稻育種的創新和發展提供參考。
1 水稻雄性不育主要類型與應用現狀
目前,生產中應用較為廣泛的水稻雄性不育系主要包括細胞質雄性不育系及光溫敏不育等環境敏感型細胞核雄性不育系,其中,細胞質不育主要包括野敗型、包臺型、紅蓮型3種類型;環境敏感型雄性不育包括光敏型、溫敏型及濕敏型3種類型[1011]。以上述兩大類雄性不育系為基礎,雜交水稻形成了成熟的三系法和兩系法育種體系。由于三系法雜交水稻受恢保關系制約,需要實現三系配套才能用于生產實踐,因此,涉及三系法雜交水稻的基因編輯主要以恢復系的其他育種性狀(香味等)為編輯目標[12],直接編輯細胞質雄性不育基因創制不育系還未見報道。另外,水稻中也鑒定了其他類型的隱性核不育(普通隱性核不育)[13]和顯性核不育[1415]。由于普通隱性核不育系難以通過常規方法實現不育系的繁殖,顯性核不育直接利用存在后代育性分離,一般僅用作育種中間材料進行群體改良。近年來報道的濕敏型不育系是一種濕度調控育性變化的不育系[11],但未有報道基因編輯或轉育的實例。
目前,利用不同來源的雄性不育資源或不同的研究途徑,水稻中已鑒定到較多的雄性不育基因,其中,已有8個細胞質雄性不育基因被克隆,分別為WA352、orf79、orfH79、orf307、orf113、orf352、orf182 和FA182[16];普通核不育基因有29個被成功克隆(表1),它們主要參與小孢子母細胞發育、絨氈層降解、花粉壁合成等重要途徑。
除普通核不育基因外,在水稻中還報道了20 個光溫敏不育相關基因、3 個濕敏不育基因(表2),其中,僅有pms1、pms3/p/tms12-1、tms5、Ugp1、CSA、ostms18、OsOSC12/OsPTS1、hms1 和OsGL1-4被克隆[46]。目前應用最廣泛的不育基因為溫敏不育基因tms5,其次是光敏不育基因pms3[47]。因此,需要挖掘更多具有實用價值的光溫敏不育基因,如ostms18,該不育基因編碼膽堿(glucosemethanol-choline,GMC)氧化還原酶,在23 ℃及以下溫度表現為育性恢復,而29 ℃以上表現為完全不育,與被廣泛應用的溫敏不育基因tms5 相比,具有相似的育性恢復性及不育穩定性[46]。上述已克隆的不育基因均可以作為水稻基因編輯的靶標,創制不同類型的水稻細胞核雄性不育系。
2 CRISPR/Cas9 編輯系統在水稻不育系創制中的應用
基因編輯技術能夠實現對目標性狀精確、快速地定向改良,基于成熟的CRISPR/Cas9基因編輯系統,研究者已在水稻中開展了水稻雄性不育系創制,如基于光溫敏不育基因的兩系不育系、基于普通核不育的“智能”不育系等[69]。
2.1 CRISPR/Cas9 基因編輯創制水稻光溫敏核不育系
秈型溫敏和粳型光敏不育系是水稻兩系不育系應用的2種主要類型。由于秈稻雜種優勢利用研究較早且進展良好,大多數基因編輯事件集中在溫敏不育基因tms5。Zhou等[70]通過CRISPR/Cas9雙元載體TMS5ab 實現對常規水稻材料TMS5 高效敲除,獲得了秈型三系保持系(珍汕97B、中浙B、泰豐B、宜香B、華農B、華恢B、ReB)、秈型常規稻(粵晶絲苗、粵農絲苗、五山絲苗)及常規粳稻GAZ等11份水稻材料為遺傳背景的不含轉基因成分的溫敏不育系,并與不同的恢復系配組后結實正常,部分雜交組合表現出較強的雜種優勢。何溟[71]獲得了15個品種的TMS5 編輯材料,并對其中3個不同來源的不育突變材料進行了育性轉換臨界溫度的探究,結果顯示,其育性轉換臨界溫度為24~28 ℃。基于CRISPR/Cas9 編輯系統,中國水稻研究所對常規秈稻中嘉早17(YK17)TMS5進行了編輯,新不育系YK17S 在日均溫22 ℃條件下正常結實,而在日均溫24或26 ℃時表現為完全不育,利用其配制的部分雜交稻組合雜種優勢明顯[72]。吳明基等[73] 通過定點突變GH89 材料的TMS5 位點獲得了2個具有典型溫敏特性的突變株tms5-1 和tms5-5,經人工氣候箱鑒定,其育性轉換臨界溫度約為24 ℃。覃玉芬等[74]對優異水稻品系GXU41 TMS5 基因的2個靶點進行編輯,獲得的tms5 純合株系GXU41-5S,其育性轉換臨界溫度低于24 ℃,因具有育性轉換臨界溫度低的特點,制種安全性高。
在粳稻中也開展了TMS5 基因編輯研究。宋成軍[75]利用CRISPR/Cas9技術對川農香粳和遼寧引粳的TMS5 進行定點編輯,獲得了具有溫敏特征的粳型不育株。黃忠明等[76]也基于CRISPR/Cas9技術對粳稻F197的TMS5 進行編輯,獲得了株高、有效穗數、千粒重等與野生型無顯著差異的新不育系,其育性轉換臨界溫度在28 ℃左右。而基因編輯武運粳7號TMS5 獲得的溫敏不育系的育性轉換臨界溫度低于28 ℃[77]。
對多倍體水稻種質H2和H3的TMS5 進行編輯,獲得了新型四倍體水稻不育系H2s和H3s,育性鑒定結果表明,其育性轉換臨界溫度為23~26 ℃。與不同來源的正常四倍體水稻品系雜交,F1在有效穗數、總粒數及結實率方面表現明顯優勢[78],為新型多倍體水稻創制及雜種優勢利用提供了可能。
為了選育更具育種價值的溫敏不育系,也有利用CRISPR/Cas9基因編輯系統創制多性狀同時得到改良的不育系。Li等[79]對常規稻品占的溫敏不育基因TMS5、稻瘟病抗性基因Pi21 及白葉枯病抗性基因Xa13 進行定向編輯,創制了兼抗稻瘟病和白葉枯病的溫敏不育系,純合株系在23 ℃為可育,28 ℃表現為徹底不育;另外,也有研究對早秈品種中早70的溫敏不育基因TMS5、香味基因Badh2 及稻瘟病抗性位點Pi21 進行多重編輯,創制了優質香型且高抗的兩系早稻不育系,具有極高的育種價值[80]。
同tms5 基因相比,光敏不育基因pms1 或pms3的編輯研究較少,僅在部分材料中對主效的光敏不育基因pms3 進行了基因編輯的探索研究。如利用CRISPR/Cas9技術對粳稻中花11的PMS3 進行基因編輯,獲得了具有光敏特性的不育株,但未對其育性轉換臨界溫度等實用性指標進行細致研究[81]。林艷等[82]基于TALEN基因編輯技術對明恢86和日本晴中的PMS3 進行定向突變,獲得了多種pms3 序列變異的純合突變體,但是其在夏季高溫條件下并不表現典型光敏特征,花粉育性表現與正常可育材料無顯著差異,推測可能是單堿基C-G變異才能導致育性改變,間接表明pms3 育性調控的分子機制更加復雜。
另外,也有利用基因編輯技術創制反光敏型不育系的報道。csa(carbon starved anther)是反光敏型突變體[83],該材料在短日照條件下表現為雄性不育,而在長日照條件下表現為正常可育,通過CRISPR/Cas9 編輯粳稻9522、JY5B 和空育131 的CSA 基因獲得了3 個反光敏不育系[84],且空育131csa表現出一定的溫敏特性,即不同遺傳背景下表現不完全一致。對粳稻的CSA 不育基因進行編輯可以豐富粳稻的不育系背景,為兩系雜交粳稻的利用提供技術支撐。
2.2 CRISPR/Cas9 編輯創制水稻“智能”不育系
水稻中存在許多自然突變的普通隱性核不育基因(表1),由于難以自身繁殖,無法應用于水稻雜種優勢利用。利用基因編輯技術創制普通核不育系,結合生物工程技術,如單顆粒示蹤(single"particle tracking,SPT)[85]、工程保持系表達盒(包含花粉致死基因、育性恢復基因、篩選報告基因等連鎖表達元件)等可實現普通核不育系種子生產和雜種優勢利用[86]。鄧興旺課題組于2016年報道將花粉特異表達基因OsNP1 與α淀粉酶基因、紅色熒光蛋白基因串聯轉化到水稻隱性核不育Osnp1 突變體中,獲得單合子的轉基因植株,其自交后代可產生轉基因的可育保持系和非轉基因雄性不育系,實現普通核不育基因的育種利用,這種不育系也被稱為“廣三系”不育系或“智能”不育系[69],育成的代表性不育系(圳18A等)得到了廣泛引種和測配。陳惠妹[87]以優化的Ⅱ型CRISPR/Cas9基因編輯系統對水稻品種明恢86的隱性核不育基因OsUGP1、RAFTIN、MIL1 及UDT1 進行了定向編輯,創制了徹底敗育的突變體材料,并以此為基礎,開展了工程保持系的創建,轉化不育系即可獲得保持系,實現不育系和保持系的配套。此外,利用CRISPR/Cas9技術編輯正常水稻品種華占和泰豐B 的參與絨氈層降解和花粉發育基因PTC1,也能獲得柱頭外露率高、一般配合力好的攜帶ptc1 的新核不育系華占-SGMS 和泰豐B-SGMS[86]。
另外,擬南芥OPR3(oxophytodienoic acidreductase 3)基因參與小穗發育,通過CRISPR/Cas9技術編輯水稻中的同源基因OsOPR7 創制雄性不育系,且通過噴施茉莉酸甲酯恢復育性,可形成新型的兩系雜交育種系統[88]。
3 未來發展方向
3.1 多重編輯雄性不育基因創制新型安全水稻不育系
單個不育基因的簡單編輯不能完全滿足水稻育種的實際需要。如光溫敏不育基因的編輯系統雖然可以創制不同背景來源的光溫敏不育系,但仍存在育性轉換臨界溫度偏高、制種風險較高的問題。研究發現,僅編輯常規水稻的TMS5 基因,獲得的新不育系的育性轉換臨界溫度為24~28 ℃,往往高于我國對于育性轉換臨界的安全溫度23 ℃(秈稻)或24 ℃(粳稻)的標準,這種現象在粳稻背景下更加明顯,可達28~32 ℃,故不育系無法滿足安全制種的要求[89]。因此,需加快開展育性穩定的兩系不育基因編輯研究,例如同時編輯主效的光敏不育基因和溫敏不育基因,創制光溫互作型不育系。研究表明,在tms5 和pms3 同時存在時,能夠獲得育性轉換臨界溫度低的不育系,從而提高兩系不育系的育性穩定性[90],理論上也可以基于tms5 和其他溫敏不育基因的同時編輯,選育出育性轉換臨界溫度較低的不育系。
育性轉換臨界溫度是關系到兩系雜交稻制種、繁種安全性的核心,已有的光溫敏不育基因往往不參與育性轉換臨界溫度的調控,因此,進一步挖掘與育性轉換臨界溫度相關的調控基因是更好地實現兩系法雜交水稻穩步發展的關鍵。鄭卓等[91]認為,溫敏不育系的育性轉換臨界溫度與tms5 無關,而是育性轉換調控基因A及抑制子B共同作用調控。這個擬定的A基因和B基因也是潛在的基因編輯位點,可用于創制育性轉換臨界溫度低的不育系。另外,本研究組從1份秈稻突變體中挖掘到1 個光溫敏不育基因,暫命名為Ostms118(未發表),其育性轉換臨界溫度為23~24 ℃,具有典型的光溫敏特性,在長日高溫下徹底不育,而在武漢秋季或海南春季的短日適溫條件下表現為正常可育,編輯OsTMS118 基因可以創制新型的秈型光溫敏不育系。
另外,通過利用反溫敏不育基因也能有效降低兩系制種的安全性風險。盡管對于反溫敏不育種質的報道和研究較少[92-94],大大限制了其在育種中的應用。2017年安徽省農業科學院水稻研究所報道了利用溫敏不育系矮紫S和反溫敏不育系雁農S作為不育基因供體,分別培育攜帶2類不育基因的天豐B近等基因系——天豐S和天豐s,進而兩兩雜交(天豐S/天豐s)創制永久核不育系天豐Ss,從理論上解決了兩系不育系育性穩定性的問題。通過進一步克隆反溫敏不育基因RTMS10,將為同時基因編輯溫敏和反溫敏不育基因創制永久核不育系,降低甚至避免兩系雜交稻制種安全問題提供可能[95]。
3.2 普通核不育基因編輯與“第三代”雜交水稻系統
2020年,在玉米中報道了利用基因編輯技術實現“一步法”創制核不育系及其保持系的方法,該研究利用CRISPR/Cas9編輯技術對玉米育性基因的功能結構域進行了定點、定向刪除,從而創制了核不育系,并利用基因編輯技術精確地創制出操控型核不育保持系。該保持系具有以下3個特點:一是恢復不育系孢子體雄花育性;二是攜帶的保持系技術元件,僅能通過雌配子向后代遺傳;三是籽粒上帶有紅色熒光標記[96]。水稻也可基于此系統創制相應的核不育系和保持系,實現育性穩定、配組自由兼顧的“一步法”雜交水稻育種系統。
4 結語
CRISPR/Cas9基因編輯技術已在水稻雄性不育系創制中取得了較好的進展,為充分利用水稻雜種優勢奠定了堅實的材料基礎,但仍在雄性不育系的不育穩定性、育性恢復、編輯效率等方面存在問題,需要進一步挖掘具有實用價值的水稻雄性不育基因,并結合更加精準高效的基因編輯系統或技術,快速定向創制優異的、有實用價值的水稻雄性不育材料,豐富水稻雄性不育系遺傳資源,更便捷地發揮水稻雜種優勢。
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