不同栽培措施及不同品種對煙草青枯病和黑脛病的影響

摘要 為有效防治煙草青枯病和黑脛病，本試驗研究了不同移栽方式（常規移栽、井窖式移栽和膜下小苗移栽）、不同煙草品種（K326、貴煙8號、貴煙5號、云煙85、云煙105、湘煙7號和云煙87）、不同覆膜方式（覆白膜、覆黑膜和不覆膜）和不同煙株莖稈穿孔位置（距地面5、15和25 cm）對煙草青枯病和煙草黑脛病的影響。結果表明，3種移栽方式中膜下小苗移栽發病程度最低；3種覆膜方式中覆黑膜發病程度最輕；煙株發病后在距離地面5 cm莖稈處穿孔能夠明顯減少青枯病和黑脛病的發生；7個煙草品種中，湘煙7號發病程度最低，為高抗青枯病和黑脛病品種。研究結果為科學有效防治煙草青枯病和黑脛病提供參考。

關鍵詞 煙草；青枯病；黑脛病；農業措施；品種篩選

中圖分類號 S432.1" " 文獻標識碼 A" " 文章編號 1007-7731（2024）15-0093-04

DOI號 10.16377/j.cnki.issn1007-7731.2024.15.022

Effects of different cultivation measures and varieties on tobacco bacterial wilt and black shank

PAN Zhongmei" " TAN Yan" " XIAO Ciping" " LI Shugui" " CHEN Yixuan" " SONG Cijun

（Shibing Branch of Qiandongnan Tobacco Company， Shibing 556299， China）

Abstract In order to effectively control tobacco bacterial wilt and black shank， this experiment studied the effects of different transplanting methods（conventional transplanting， well cellar transplanting， and transplanting seedlings under the membrane）， tobacco varieties（K326， Guiyan No.8， Guiyan No.5， Yunyan 85， Yunyan 105， Xiangyan No.7， and Yunyan 87）， mulching methods（white film， black film， and not covering with film）， and stem perforation positions（5， 15， and 25 cm form the ground） on tobacco wilt and black shank. The results showed that the incidence of transplanting seedlings under film was the lowest among the 3 transplanting methods. Among the 3 film mulching methods， black film had the lightest incidence; the occurrence of bacterial wilt and black shank could be significantly reduced by perforation at 5 cm from the ground after the onset of tobacco plant. Among the 7 tobacco varieties， the incidence of Xiangyan No.7 was the lowest， which was highly resistant to bacterial wilt and black shank. The research results can provide a reference for scientific and effective prevention and control of tobacco bacterial wilt and black shank.

Keywords" tobacco; bacterial wilt; black shank disease; agricultural measures; variety screening

煙草是一類重要的經濟作物，種植面積較大[1-3]。青枯病是由青枯雷爾氏菌（Ralstonia solanacearum）引起的一種細菌性病害，可侵染50多個科屬的百種植物[4]，包括辣椒[5]、馬鈴薯[6]、番茄[7]、茄子[8]、花生[9]和煙草[10]等作物。其中，受侵染煙株先是莖和葉脈的導管變黑，后病菌侵入皮層和髓部，外表出現縱長的黑色條斑，條斑可延伸至病株頂部。橫切莖稈，用力擠壓切口，導管中會滲出黏稠狀白色菌液，后期莖稈內部腐爛變空[11]。田間煙草青枯病常與煙草黑脛病混發[12-13]，煙草黑脛病是由煙草疫霉（Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae）引起的一種真菌性病害，在自然條件下煙草黑脛病病原菌只侵染煙草植株[14]。煙草黑脛病的典型癥狀為葉片萎蔫、變黃，植株矮化，根部和莖基部壞死[15]。……