SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES

Institutional Temptations of Unseparation between Politics and Religion—Watanabe Kazan’s Thoughts on Governance Based on Western StudiesHe Pengju

Watanabe Kazan is a late-Edo politician with a global outlook. He developed his own thoughts on governance through western studies. Facing the expansion of Western powers， Watanabe called on the Japanese government to discern the macroscopic trend throughout history and make changes accordingly in order to adapt. He advocated the acquisition of skills with tangible value， emphasized the importance of education， and actively introduced Western education systems into Japan. As a prominent painter， Watanabe believed that both state governance and painting demand “complete synchrony and coordination from the mind and heart， down to the body， and all the way to the extremities”. He spoke highly of Western countries’ institutional politics-religion unseparation when dealing with the relationship between the two， and held that this mode， had it been applied， would have contributed to achieving a consistent political philosophy across the country. However， how to tackle Tennoism became the greatest contradiction with this politics-religion relationship mechanism in Japan， as proved during the country’s modern history.

Analysis of the Development Process on Yoshida shōin’s Idea and Action of Overthrowing the Shogunate—A study on the Clue of “Inseparability of Knowledge and Practice”Huang Ying

Yoshida shōin’s idea and action of overthrowing the shogunate are closely related to the military science and Yomei-gaku in his thoughts. His childhood education of Yamagaryu military science made him form a firm faith of divine land， the idea of reverence for the emperor and the sense of duty. The thought of “inseparability of knowledge and practice” of Yomei-gaku shaped Yoshida shōin’s behavior style of acting without hesitation and regardless of interests. With the increasingly acute internal contradictions of the feudal system of the shogunate and the gradual deepening of the external crisis， Yoshida shōin’s highest ideal of safeguarding Japan’s divine status and the emperor’s authority was urged by the spirit of “inseparability of knowledge and practice”， which finally triggered his action of overthrowing the Shogunate. Yoshida shōin’s experiences and thoughts reflect many differences between China and Japan on the eve of modern times， which means that in the same time dimension， due to the differences in cultural traditions and the degree of social crisis， “inseparability of knowledge and practice” can only lead to actions worthy of the name in Japan.

Ogyu Sorai’s Thought of “Music and Dance”Wang Yu

In the perspective of Kobunjigaku， the Japanese Edo scholar Ogyu Sorai put forward academic propositions of “taking Chinese discourse instead of Japanese reading of Chinese characters” and “taking ancient discourse instead of Confucian commentary”. He also re-annotated Chinese Confucian classics such as the Analects of Confucius and the Doctrine of the Mean， eliminating misunderstandings by Zhu Xi， Ito Jinsai， and others. In this context， he reinterpreted the “Eight-Row dancing in the court” and “play the music of the Shun period” in the Analects of Confucius， emphasizing the connection between “ritual and music”， “music and dance” and “the way to ensure the peace of the world”， highlighting the ancient literary characteristics of Sorai.

Primitive Forms of Tribute Payment in the Japanese Rent-in-Kind SystemGuo Na

Before the Taika Reform， Japanese legal thought did not take a complete form until the comprehensive introduction of the Tang legal civilization， and the unique forms of tribute payment， such as “Daizei，” “Teidai，” and “Fundi” that originated from ancient kami-faith ideology and the customary law consciousness under the chiefdom production relations， were formed by the Yamato authority. The Rent-in-Kind" system of the Ritsuryō Kokka marked a turning point in Japan’s historical system of the “Fuyu-sei” policy， and made the policy lawful and traceable. Although Japanese legal codes such as the “Denryō” and “Fuyōrei” inherited the Tang system in terms of structural framework and textual annotations， the aristocratic politics under the Yamato kingship and the communal rule had already established the basic pattern of ancient Japanese society. Therefore， the legal state， while transplanting the Chinese legal civilization， incorporated the existing tribute-gathering forms into the Rent-in-Kind system， enabling the realization of the legal and codified transformation of the existing social order. The coexistence of remnants of the old laws and the inheritance of the Tang system became an important feature of ancient Japan’s acceptance of Chinese legal civilization.

A Study on the Completion of the New Geographical Records of Korea—Centered on the King Zhongzong’s Coup to Gain the Throne of North KoreaWei Xuetao and" Li Deshan

The New Geographical Records of Korea is derived from the Geographical Records of Korea during the period from King Zhongzong to Zong. When the Korean subjects launched a coup， the King Zhongzong of Korea was able to ascend the throne. At the same time， he showed an extremely fearful psychological state and a difficult ruling process. In the same year， Zhongzong ordered the ministers to write to the Ming Dynasty， and was successfully crowned King， which provided a way for King Zhongzong to govern. This is a strategy to consolidate politics by attracting the ministers. The compilation of “New Geographical Records of Korea” has also become the expression of this strategy. Firstly， through writing and recording the Wuwu Disaster and Jiazi Disaster in the period of King Yanshan monarch， we can promote the unity of monarchs and officials and let them have a close emotional bond. Secondly， by recording the meritorious officials of Coup Minister， can win over the powerful officials， create a sense of glory of the throne revolution， and prevent the revolution from appearing again. Finally， it records the land plundered by the King Yanshan monarch. Through this comparison， it creates a virtuous political image of King Zhongzong at the social level of the dynasty， wins the support of Korean subjects and casts off the shadow of the throne revolution.

The Concept of Politeuma as Jewish Community in Alexandria and Refection on the Citizenship of Alexandrian JewsZhang Lin

Politeuma means government， citizenship， constitution， body of citizens or association. In Hellenistic period， it generally refers to corporate body of aliens in foreign city， a common organization and ethnic unite for foreign residents. The nature of politeuma is depended on specific discourse rather than given meanings， or else it has the risk of inversion of reasons and results. Politeuma could include political， military or other public or official institution， meanwhile it could refer to free civil association and especially settlement of alien people， translated as community. No mater there was official institution in Jewish diaspora， a Jewish community could be called politeuma. There is 1 and legendary information in Josephus works concerning citizenship of Alexandrian Jews， in order to defend for Jewish people， but it is inappropriate to deny completely its truthness according to Jewish papyri. Alexandrian citizenship was granted to some individual Jews rather than the whole Jewish community. Besides Jewish community， it was common for Jewish people to mix with gentiles， especially in countryside. However， Jewish people generally reserved clear ethnic boundary when absorbing foreign cultures.

A Study of the Legitimacy of Kingship in the New Kingdom of Ancient Egypt—Centred on the Idea of the Son of the Sun GodMa Chao

Sun worship is a major component of ancient Egyptian religion， and it is also the link between kingship and theocracy， with Egyptian kings using the identity of the Son of the Sun god to strengthen the legitimacy of kingship.The idea of the Son of the Sun god emerged in the Old Kingdom and matured in the New Kingdom. This is because in the Second Intermediate Period， the sanctity of kingship suffered a great blow， and after the New Kingdom， inscriptions and reliefs proclaiming the king as the Son of the Sun god appeared in abundance in order to recreate the sanctity of kingship.As a result， the idea of the Son of the Sun god became the basis for the legitimacy of kingship in the New Kingdom， at the same time some individual “illegitimate” kings used the idea to justify their accession to the throne and to establish their own authority.

Holinshed’s Chronicles and the Formation of State History in Renaissance EnglandSun Chao

Holinshed’s Chronicles in late sixteenth Century is a representative works for English Renaissance historiography. Chronicles was compiled by scholars from different religious factions， but it implied a shared compilation thought under a superficial ‘multi-vocal’ phenomenon. Chronicles’ editors inherited the tradition of medieval chronicles and took the history of succession of kingship as the main line of the book， but absorbed humanism and defined “what is a good king”； Influenced by “Commonwealth discourse”， Chronicles took maintaining social order and stability as the standard to judge social problems， and allowed ordinary people to enter the mainstream historical discourse of the national narrative once being monopolized by kings and nobles. Facing the threat of Catholic countries， Chronicles payed great attention to the history of the surrounding areas of England， and England， Scotland，Ireland and wales in the books presented a complex interactive relationship. In the past 400 years， Holinshed’s Chronicles has become the basic text of typical modern English State’s history with the help of new historical texts， Renaissance dramas and other genres.

Nephtali Wesley’s Modern Jewish Educational Thought and Its InfluenceLi Dawei

Naphtali Hirz Wessely as the early Jewish Enlightenment of German in 18th century Germany， criticized and reflected on the traditional Jewish education in the Word of Peace and Truth. He proposed that Jews should not only learn the knowledge of Torat Hashem， but also Torat HaAdam， and should carry out education reasonably. Through the educational reform， he made Jews better adapt to and integrate into the modern society and the harmony between enlightenment culture and Jewish religion， and educated Jews as the modern people with rationalism thoughts and knowledge， which had a wide impact on the modern Jewish educational thoughts. Therefore the Word of Peace and Truth is regarded as a declaration of modern Jewish educational reform.