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觀賞桃新品種鄢紅的選育

2023-11-21 05:09:57史喜兵焦雪輝岳長平申瀟瀟喬雨軒
果樹學報 2023年11期

史喜兵 焦雪輝 岳長平 申瀟瀟 喬雨軒

摘? ? 要:鄢紅是以嫣紅早花桃為母本、早甜桃為父本進行雜交,從其雜交后代中選育出的觀賞桃新品種。樹勢中等,樹姿半開張,枝條長直,向陽面紅色、背光面綠色;節間中等長度,平均長2.7 cm;以長枝著花為主,單枝著花數平均48朵;成花容易,花芽數中多;花薔薇型,重瓣,平均花徑4.2 cm,平均花瓣數29片,中層花瓣長1.46 cm,寬1.22 cm,卵形;花紅色;有香味;雌蕊1~2枚,幾乎等長于雄蕊;花藥橘紅色或淺褐色;萼片2輪,10片。在河南省許昌地區,3月1日左右現蕾,始花期3月5日左右,盛花期3月10—30日,末花期4月初,開花持續時間28 d左右。果面有長茸毛,底色綠白色,蓋色為淺紅色,橢圓形,果個大,平均質量70 g左右,最大可達120 g。耐旱,耐寒,在鄭州地區露地栽植可安全越冬,適應范圍廣,抗逆性強。需冷量較低,在滿足需冷量300~600 h的地區均可栽植。

關鍵詞:觀賞桃;新品種;鄢紅;早花

中圖分類號:S662.1 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2023)11-2486-04

Breeding report of a new ornamental peach cultivar Yanhong

SHI Xibing1, JIAO Xuehui1, YUE Changping2*, SHEN Xiaoxiao1, QIAO Yuxuan1

(1Zhengzhou Agricultural Science and Technology Research Institute, Zhengzhou 450005, Henan, China; 2Yanling Donghua Planting Farmers Professional Cooperative, Yanling 461200, Henan, China)

Abstract: Yanhong is a new ornamental peach cultivar developed by a crossbreeding with Yanhongzaohua peach as the female parent and Zaotian peach as the male parent. It was initially selected in 2013 for its bright colors and very early flowering time. Through artificial hybridization pollination, 50 hybrid seeds were got. In March 2015, after flowering of 30 seedlings, excellent individual plants with specific performance were found. The initial flowering period of this individual plant was around March 5th, 12 days earlier than the mother parent Yanhongzaohua. The flowers were red and fragrant, with high ornamental value. Subsequently, peach was used as the rootstock for grafting and propagation. In 2016, after flowering of grafted seedlings, the budding stage, initial flowering stage, peak flowering stage, and final flowering stage was observed, the performance of flowers, leaves, fruits and other characteristics were recorded, and flower diameter, internode length and fruit size were measured. Through comparison, it was found that its traits were stable and consistent with the performance of the mother plant. After regional adaptability testing at three sites (including Xuchang, Zhengzhou and Luoyang) over five years from 2016 to 2020, it was finally selected in 2021. The tree is of moderate vigor, with a semi-open posture and straight branches. The internodes are of moderate size, with an average length of 2.7 cm. The flowers usually grow on long branches, with an average of 48 flowers per branch. It is easy to initiate flowers, with moderate number of flower buds. The flower is plum-blossom shaped, and has double petal, with an average diameter of 4.2 cm and an average number of 29 petals. The middle petal is 1.46 cm long and 1.22 cm wide, with an ovate shape. The flower is red and sweet with 10 pieces of sepals. There are 1-2 pistils, which have almost the same length as stamens. The anther is light brown in color. In Xuchang of Henan province, buds appear on March 1st, with the initial flowering period on March 5th, the peak flowering period from March 10th to 30th, and the final flowering period in early April. The flowering stage lasts for about 28 days. The fruit has long hair, dual color and oval shape, with an average weight of about 70 g and a maximum of 120 g. It is resistant to drought, cold and adversity. It has wide adaptability. It is suitable for planting in areas where the chilling requirement of 300-600 hours could be met. Grafting methods is used for propagation. Hard branch grafting can be used in early spring and bud grafting should be carried out before June 10th, using peach as the rootstock. It is suitable for planting at a space of 2 m × 3 m or 2 m × 4 m. In the early stage of pruning, the main focus is on training tree shape, while in the later stage, the vigorous growth is controlled to promote flower bud differentiation. Before flower bud differentiation, watering can be combined with applying phosphorus and potassium fertilizers to improve the quality and quantity of flower buds. During the period of flower bud expansion, the lime sulfur mixture should be sprayed to reduce the damage by aphids, scale insects and some fungi.

Key words: Ornamental peach; New cultivar; Yanhong; Early flowering

收稿日期:2023-06-12 接受日期:2023-07-27

基金項目:中原學者工作站項目(ZYGZZ2022073)

作者簡介:史喜兵,男,助理研究員,碩士,主要從事園林植物育種及栽培技術研究。Tel:0371-67883781,E-mail:madary@163.com

*通信作者 Author for correspondence. E-mail:3511319300@qq.com

桃(Prunus persica)隸屬薔薇科(Rosaceae)李屬(Prunus L.),原產于我國,已有4000多年的栽培歷史[1],發源于中國華北、西北地區的甘肅和陜西,生長于600~2000 m的高原地帶[2],世界各地均有栽培,全世界約有桃品種3000多個,我國有1000多個品種[3]。依果樹品質及花、葉的觀賞特性,可將桃分為果桃和觀賞桃兩大類,其中觀賞桃是一種古老的具有中國文化特色的樹種,具有花色繁多、枝繁葉茂等特點,是我國主要的觀賞樹種之一,也是重要的早春觀花樹種[4]。20世紀,日本、美國、匈牙利等國家相繼對各種桃種質資源進行品種鑒定,篩選出金美人、桃花仙子等品種。1985年Yoshia[5]培育出紅色的菊花桃,是常規粉色菊花桃的芽變品種。我國觀賞桃的育種開始于20世紀70年代,北京市農林科學院以壽星桃、白鳳和早紅2號油桃為原始親本,經過多代育種,篩選出了一批花朵和果實性狀較理想的優系[6]。中國農業科學院鄭州果樹研究所利用白鳳與紅壽星的雜交后代2-7自交,育成果實可食用、抗南方根結線蟲的觀賞桃新品種滿天紅[7];以迎春為母本、白花山碧桃為父本進行人工雜交,培育成開花早、需冷量低、能彌補早春桃花空缺的觀賞桃品種探春[8],隨后培育出報春、惜春以及紅色菊花桃[9-10]。進入21世紀后,我國觀賞桃品種培育進入快速發展期,據不完全統計,我國觀賞桃品種約100余個[11]。近年來一些切枝桃、盆栽桃系列受到了市場和大眾的廣泛喜愛。觀賞桃的花期通常在3月中下旬,早花品種不夠豐富,因此培育需冷量低、開花早的品種具有重要意義。

1 選育過程

2013年3月,以嫣紅早花為母本、早甜桃為父本進行雜交,獲得雜交種子50粒。2013年秋季,按照常規播種育苗方法,成功繁育種苗30株。2015年3月開花后,從中發現一株特異單株P07。該單株始花期在3月5日左右,比母本嫣紅早花早12 d,花紅色,花型為薔薇型,重瓣,花徑較大,觀賞價值高。隨后以毛桃為砧木,進行嫁接擴繁。2016年分別在許昌市鄢陵縣、鄭州市中牟縣、洛陽市新安縣等試驗基點進行區域試驗,連續5 a(年)觀測,發現該品種生物學特性表現穩定、一致,初步定名為鄢紅桃(圖1)。2022年經河南省林木品種委員會審定為良種(編號:豫S-SV-PP-024-2022)。

2 主要性狀

2.1 植物學特征

鄢紅桃樹勢中等,樹姿半開張,枝條長直,向陽面紅色、背光面綠色,節間中等,平均長2.7 cm;花薔薇型,重瓣,平均花徑4.2 cm,平均花瓣數29片,中層花瓣長1.46 cm,寬1.22 cm,卵形;花紅色;有香味;花藥橘紅色或淺褐色;雌蕊1~2枚,幾等長于雄蕊,子房茸毛多,偶有雌蕊退化現象;花萼紅褐色,有茸毛,2輪,10片,萼筒內壁黃綠色;果面有長茸毛,底色綠白色,蓋色為淺紅色,橢圓形,果個大,平均70 g左右,最大可達120 g(表1)。

2.2 生長結果習性

生長勢中等,以長枝著花為主,花芽起始節位為第3~4節,單枝著花數平均48朵;成花容易,花芽數中多。幼樹和成年樹均以長、中果枝為主。自然結實,結果量中等。

2.3 物候期

在河南省許昌地區,2月底葉芽膨大,3月1日左右現蕾,始花期3月5日左右,盛花期3月10—30日,末花期4月初,開花持續時間28 d左右,持續時間長。6月中下旬果皮底色轉為綠白色,果實成熟,果實生育期85 d左右。落葉終止期始于11月上中旬,葉芽萌動至落葉終止期280 d左右。

3 栽培技術要點

適應范圍廣,抗逆性強,對土壤條件要求不嚴,但要注意防澇。需冷量較低,在滿足需冷量300~600 h的地區均可栽植。種植前多施有機肥,并疏松改良定植點周圍土壤。按照2 m×3 m或2 m×4 m株行距進行栽植。前期修剪以培養樹形為主,后期控制旺長,促進花芽分化。花芽分化之前可以結合澆水增施磷鉀肥,以提高花芽質量及數量;在花芽膨大期應噴灑石硫合劑,以減輕蚜蟲、介殼蟲及一些真菌類的侵害。

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