方偉超 王力榮 陳昌文 朱更瑞 曹珂 王新衛 吳金龍



摘 ? ?要:中桃金陽是1998年用五月魁自然實生獲得優良單株98-6-40,2008年選用98-6-40為母本、黃肉油桃品種雙喜紅為父本,進行人工雜交培育而成的早熟黃肉桃新品種。2017年正式命名,2021年通過河南省林木品種審定委員會審定。果實圓形,兩半部對稱,果頂平,梗洼淺,縫合線淺,成熟狀態一致;平均單果質量190 g,大果質量250 g;果皮茸毛短,底色黃,果面95%以上著紅色;果肉黃色,果肉與近核處花青苷含量較少,肉質為硬溶質;果實風味甜,可溶性固形物含量(w)13.5%~15.0%,黏核。樹勢健壯,樹姿半開張;葉片長橢圓披針形;花為鈴型,花色粉紅,花粉多,自花結實。鄭州地區3月初葉芽膨大,3月下旬始花,6月中下旬果實成熟,果實生育期85 d左右。落葉終止期11月10日左右,全生育期260 d??稍邳S河故道地區廣泛栽培。
關鍵詞:桃;新品種;中桃金陽;早熟;黃肉
中圖分類號:S662.1 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2023)07-1490-04
Breeding of a new early-ripening and yellow-fleshed peach cultivar Zhongtaojinyang
FANG Weichao,WANG Lirong,CHEN Changwen,ZHU Gengrui,CAO Ke,WANG Xinwei,WU Jinlong
(Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, Henan, China)
Abstract: Zhongtaojinyang is an early ripening peach, derived from a cross between 98-6-40 and Shuangxihong in 2008 at the experimental field. The female parent 98-6-40 is an early-ripening yellow peach, which derived from Maygrand by open pollination in 1998. Shuangxihong, the pollen donation, is a yellow-fleshed nectarine. Zhongtaojinyang was first selected in 2011 for its large fruit, beautiful appearance, yellow and hard flesh, early ripening and high yield. It passed the final election, was named in 2017, and approved by Henan Forest Variety Certification Committee in 2021. The leaf shape is long lliptic-lanceolate, with 14.16 cm in length and 3.78 cm in width and 0.8 cm petiole, which has about 2 to 3 reniform leaf glands. The flowers are less showy and dark pink. Under normal cultivation conditions, the average fruit weight is 190 g, and the maximum fruit weight is 250 g. Fruit is mainly round with two symmetrical halves, and also has a flat top with shallow cavity and the suture, and consistent mature state. The peel has beautiful bright red color covering approximately 95% fruit surface area with yellow background and short fuzz. Its flesh is yellow and firm texture. The peel cannot be peeled, and the core is clingstone. The flavor is fragrant and sweet, with a soluble solids content of 13.5%-15.0%. It is self-fertile and its yield is relatively stable through the experiments in Wenxian, Xinxiang and Xihua county of Henan province, and Mengyin county of Shandong province. The experiment results also show that under the condition of strictly flower and fruit thinning, the cultivar exhibits large fruits and high soluble solids content, and the quality is more excellent. In Zhengzhou, situated in the middle of China, the first flower of Zhongtaojinyang comes into bloom in late March. Fruits ripen in mid to late June, about 85 d after blooming. The termination period of fallen leaves is in mid-November, and the full growth period is 260 days. Compared with the current main planting variety Huangjinmitao 1 that has yellow flesh and matures in mid-June, Zhongtaojinyang fruit ripens about 7-10 d later and has larger size. The tree of Zhongtaojinyang has a strong tree vigor, and a special attention should be paid to control the tree vigor during cultivation; Y-shape system can be adopted, with a ridge height of 2.0 m and a ridge width of 4.0-5.0 m. It is necessary to properly control the fertilizer and water and avoid flood irrigation. The fruit setting rate of this variety is very high, it is necessary to increase the intensity of thinning flowers and fruits, and the distance between fruits should be greater than 15.0-20.0 cm. The appearance of fruit is very beautiful, and it can be cultivated without bags. However, in areas with heavy rain in the south, there is a phenomenon of cracked fruits, and bagging cultivation is recommended. The bagging time is generally carried out after the fruit is set when the fruit development enters the stone hardening stage, and the insecticide and fungicide need to be sprayed before the bagging. The fruit has a moderate hardness, which needs to be harvested in a timely manner, and the whole cold chain transportation is better.
Key words: Peach; New cultivar; Zhongtaojinyang; Early-ripening; Yellow flesh
黃肉桃營養價值高,富含維生素C、抗氧化劑和膳食纖維[1-2]。近些年來,隨著社會經濟發展,人民群眾生活水平大幅度提高,越來越多的人將對果品的關注集中到營養和健康上,香甜可口、類胡蘿卜素含量豐富[3]的黃肉桃深受消費者喜愛。中國、日本和韓國等逐漸轉向黃肉桃類型的品種選育,并有迅速發展的趨勢[4]。我國育種工作者先后育成了黃金蜜桃1號、黃金蜜桃3號、金陵黃露、錦香等優良黃肉桃系列品種[5-7]。中國農業科學院鄭州果樹研究所為選育大果、早熟、黃肉的普通桃新品種,滿足消費市場多元化的需求,經過十幾年的工作,選育出黃肉普通桃新品種——中桃金陽。
1 選育過程
1998年7月下旬采集自然授粉的五月魁(May Grand)的種子,經2~4 ℃低溫層積處理,9月下旬播種至溫室營養缽內,進行溫室生長培養。1999年4月將苗木帶基質移栽入田間培養。2002年結果,其中單株98-6-40性狀表現優良,確定為優良單株。2008年以98-6-40為母本、油桃品種雙喜紅為父本進行雜交(圖1)。同年6月中旬果實成熟期,取出種胚,消毒后接種于滅菌的培養基中,經2~4 ℃低溫層積處理,待種胚子葉張開,移至溫室出苗,出芽高度為3~4 cm時,煉苗后移栽至營養缽中,進行溫室生長培養,2009年4月將苗木帶基質移入到田間培養畦內,按0.5 m×4.0 m雙行種植在溫縣基地。2011年開始結果,其中單株08-11-76果實為黃肉普通桃,6月中下旬成熟,外觀漂亮,果實大,單果質量190 g,大果250 g,肉質硬,風味甜,豐產。連續3 a(年)觀察,性狀表現穩定。2013年9月采集其枝條分別在河南省溫縣、新鄉縣和西華縣,山東省蒙陰縣區域試驗點進行高接,2015—2020年連續6 a進行調查,各高接株果實經濟性狀、豐產性、生長結果習性等表現穩定。與對照品種黃金蜜桃1號比較,成熟期較黃金蜜桃1號晚熟7~10 d,果實外觀近全紅,更加靚麗。2017年命名為中桃金陽(圖2),2021年通過河南省林木品種審定委員會審定(良種編號:豫 S-SV-PP-002-2021)。
2 主要性狀
2.1 果實經濟性狀
果實圓形,兩半部對稱,果頂平,梗洼淺,縫合線明顯、淺,成熟狀態一致;平均單果質量190 g,大果質量250 g;果實表面茸毛短,底色黃,成熟時果面95%以上著紅色暈;果肉黃色,硬溶質,果肉與近核處花青苷含量較少,汁液中多,風味甜,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)13.5%~15.0%,總糖含量10.06%,總酸含量0.18%,維生素C含量9.72 mg·100 g-1,品質優。黏核(表1)。
2.2 植物學特征
樹勢健壯,樹姿半開張,喬化;1年生枝皮色暗紅,節間長度2.65 cm;葉片長14.16 cm,寬3.78 cm,呈長橢圓披針形,葉柄長0.80 cm,葉腺腎形;葉色綠色,葉基楔形,葉尖漸尖;花為鈴型,花色粉紅,花瓣5枚,花藥橘紅色,花粉多,萼筒內壁橙黃色。
2.3 生長結果習性
長、中、短果枝均能結果,其中長果枝占34.95%,中果枝占41.46%,短果枝占16.26%,徒長性結果枝7.31%,徒長性結果枝長放時仍能結果。復花芽居多,占88.90%,花芽起始節位低,為第1~2節,自花可以結實,進入結果期早,一般定植第2年開始結果,并易早期豐產。采用2 m×5 m株行距栽植,兩主枝自然開心形整形,4年生樹平均株產33.2 kg,產量比較穩定。
2.4 物候期
鄭州地區3月初葉芽膨大,3月下旬始花,開花持續期約7 d。6月中下旬果實成熟,果實生育期85 d左右。落葉終止期11月10日左右,全生育期260 d。
3 栽培技術要點
3.1 高標準建園
應選擇陽光充足、土層深厚、土質疏松、排水良好的地塊種植。中桃金陽喜中性偏酸土壤,pH以4.5~7.5為宜,但以5.7~6.5為最好。地下水位最好在1 m以下,水位過高時,要起壟做高畦。種植株行距一般為2.0 m×4.0 m、2.0 m×5.0 m,或3.0 m×4.0 m。根據行距開挖寬、深各80 cm左右的定植溝,溝中可填充秸稈、糞肥等,以提高土壤有機質含量。
3.2 整形修剪
整形方式常采用兩主枝自然開心形。推薦采用長梢修剪,減少冬季修剪量。主枝開張角度應適當偏小,一般兩主枝夾角為60°~70°,以防主枝開張角度過大時被果實壓平或下垂影響產量、品質。幼樹在培養主枝時,注意先放后縮,放縮結合,防止主枝中下部衰弱光禿。延長枝頭要多疏少截,冬剪多留健壯的長果枝,疏除細弱的短、小果枝。夏季修剪主要是疏除直立徒長枝及過密的新梢。
3.3 果實管理
中桃金陽成花容易,坐果率高,為保證果實質量,須嚴格疏花疏果。疏花時,將長果枝基部10 cm左右的花蕾全部疏除,留枝條上下側的花蕾。疏果時,先疏除畸形果、病蟲果,再疏過密果、小果,使果間距保持15~20 cm。采用長枝修剪時,留長果枝中上部果,疏除下部果,長果枝留3個果,中果枝留2個果,短果枝、花束狀枝留1個果或不留。
3.4 肥水管理
提倡秋施基肥,一般每666.7 m2 施腐熟有機肥5~8 m3。為提高果實品質,可以在果實成熟前30 d,每株施2~4 kg腐熟的餅肥,結合葉面噴施2次0.3%硫酸鉀,間隔10 d 左右,以生產出外觀艷麗、風味濃郁的高檔果實。
3.5 病蟲害防控
在花芽膨大期,應噴灑石硫合劑,以降低介殼蟲及一些真菌類的侵害。在花前可噴施1~2次可立施(氟啶蟲胺腈)加螺蟲乙酯防治蚜蟲。立秋后要注意潛葉蛾等的危害。
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