Classical Gardens of Suzhou 蘇州古典園林

許林玉

蘇州古典園林以其古、秀、精、雅、多而享有“江南園林甲天下，蘇州園林甲江南”之譽(yù)。這些建造于11至19世紀(jì)的園林，以其精雕細(xì)琢的設(shè)計(jì)，形成了獨(dú)特而系統(tǒng)的景觀形式，其規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)、施工技術(shù)以及藝術(shù)效果對(duì)中國乃至世界的園林綠化發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了重大影響。

入選時(shí)間（Date of Inscription） 1997 年

遴選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（Criteria） （i）（ii）（iii）（iv）（v）

遺產(chǎn)面積（Property ） 11.922 公頃

緩沖區(qū)面積（Buffer zone） 26.839 公頃

檔案編號(hào)（Dossier） 813 bis

“Classical Chinese garden design，which 1 ）seeks to recreate naturallandscapes in miniature， is nowherebetter illustrated than in the nine gardensin the historic city of Suzhou. They are generally 2）acknowledged tobe masterpieces of the genre. Dating from the 11th ～ 19th century，the gardens reflect the profoundmetaphysical importance of naturalbeauty in Chinese culture in theirmeticulous design.” This is theassessment of the classical gardensof Suzhou made by UNESCO.

It inscribed the classical gardensof Suzhou， represented by the Humble Administrators Garden， LingeringGarden， Net Masters Garden and the Mountain Villa with EmbracingBeauty on the World Heritage List in 1997. In 2000， UNESCO approvedthe extension of the inscribed property of the classical gardens ofSuzhou to include the Canglang Pavilion， the Lion Grove Garden， theGarden of Cultivation， the Couples Garden Retreat， and the Retreat &Reflection Garden.

The classical gardens of Suzhou date back to the 6th century BCEwhen the city was founded as the capital of the Wu Kingdom. 3）Inspiredby these royal hunting gardens built by the King of the State of Wu，private gardens began 4）emerging around the 4th century and reachedits first peak after the development during the Qin and Han Dynasties.Gardens by the scholars prospered in the Sui and Tang Dynasties，and various rich human elements resulted because different gardenbuilders who created them had their own interpretation of the naturalmountain and water gardens. Today， more than 50 of these gardensare still in existence， nine of which， mentioned above， are regarded?as the finest embodiments ofChinese “Mountain and Water”gardens. They are noted forthe combination of exquisitecraftsmanship， artistic eleganceand rich cultural implications. Theprosperity of classical gardens has a necessary connection with thewarm and cozy natural climate and prosperous and stable life of thepeople living in Suzhou. These gardens lend insight into how ancientChinese intellectuals were living freely within an urban environment.

Garden masters from each dynasty adapted various techniques toartfully simulate nature by skillfully adapting and utilizing the physicalspace. As the embodiment of aesthetics of Chinese scholars forseveral centuries， these gardens paved the way for the freehand styleof mountain and water gardens which had far-reaching influences onfuture generations. The main bodies of the Canglang Pavilion， the LionGrove Garden， the Humble Administrators Garden， and the LingeringGarden are excellent representatives of Chinese private gardensfrom different periods and they emerged during the Song， Yuan，Ming， and Qing Dynasties 5）respectively. Walking through thesegardens is like viewing vivid elegant scrolls of Chinese mountain andwater paintings of different historical periods.

Generally， the garden-building art of the classical gardensof Suzhou is 6）demonstrated in the perfect arrangement of suchelements of mountains， rocks， water， and wood to 7）attain the beauty?beyond natural mountains and water. These private gardens，concealed in the prosperous city and dotted with rooms， pavilions，halls， and waterside pavilions， create miniature worlds in limitedspaces and finally form the perfect freehand style integration of theideas and pursuits of Chinese ancient scholars and natural mountainsand water.

1） seek v. 尋找; 尋求

2） acknowledge v. 承認(rèn)

3） inspire v. 啟發(fā); 啟迪；賦予靈感；鼓舞

4） emerge v. 浮現(xiàn)；顯現(xiàn)

5） respectively adv. 依次為; 分別

6） demonstrate v. 證明；證實(shí)

7） attain v. 得到；（通常經(jīng)過努力）獲得

詞組加油站

in existence 存在

be regarded as 被認(rèn)為

be noted for 因……而聞名

pave the way for 為……鋪平道路

be dotted with 用……點(diǎn)綴

“沒有任何地方比歷史名城蘇州的九大園林更能體現(xiàn)中國古典園林設(shè)計(jì)‘咫尺之內(nèi)再造乾坤的理想。蘇州園林被公認(rèn)是實(shí)現(xiàn)這一設(shè)計(jì)思想的杰作。這些建造于11 至19 世紀(jì)的園林，以其精雕細(xì)琢的設(shè)計(jì)，折射出中國文化取法自然而又超越自然的深邃意境。”這是聯(lián)合國教科文組織對(duì)蘇州古典園林做出的評(píng)價(jià)。

1997 年，該組織將以拙政園、留園、網(wǎng)師園、環(huán)秀山莊為代表的蘇州古典園林列入世界遺產(chǎn)名錄。2000 年，該組織又將滄浪亭、獅子林、藝圃、耦園、退思園一并作為擴(kuò)展項(xiàng)目列入世界遺產(chǎn)名錄。

蘇州古典園林的歷史可追溯至公元前6 世紀(jì)，當(dāng)時(shí)蘇州這座城市是吳國的都城。受吳王建造的皇家狩獵園林的啟發(fā)，私家園林于公元4 世紀(jì)開始涌現(xiàn)，后經(jīng)秦漢發(fā)展后達(dá)到第一個(gè)高峰。直至隋唐，文人園林在此興起，濃郁的人文氣息也因造園者的不同，而被賦予在自然山水園林間。如今，仍然留存的園林有50 余處。其中，之前提及的九大園林被認(rèn)為是中國“山水園林”的最佳典范。它們集精湛的工藝、典雅的藝術(shù)風(fēng)格和豐富的文化內(nèi)涵于一體，并因此聞名于世。古典園林的興盛與蘇州溫暖舒適的氣候和富庶安穩(wěn)的生活有著必然的聯(lián)系。

通過這些園林，我們可以深入了解中國古代知識(shí)分子如何在城市環(huán)境中悠然生存。

歷代園林大師采用各種技術(shù)，通過巧妙地改造和利用物理空間，藝術(shù)性地模擬自然。蘇州園林屬于山水園林，濃縮了數(shù)個(gè)世紀(jì)中國文人的審美情趣，其寫意風(fēng)格對(duì)后世影響深遠(yuǎn)。滄浪亭、獅子林、拙政園和留園的主體部分分別建成于宋、元、明、清四個(gè)朝代，是中國不同時(shí)期私家園林的杰出代表。漫步于這些園林中，就好似沿著歷史的脈絡(luò)，在翻看一軸生動(dòng)雅致的中國山水畫卷。

總而言之，蘇州古典園林的造園藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)為對(duì)山、石、水、木等要素的完美運(yùn)用，以達(dá)到超越自然山水之美。這些深藏于繁華都市中的私家園林，處處點(diǎn)綴著軒、亭、閣、榭，成就了方寸天地間的萬千世界，最終形成中國古代文人思想與自然山水完美融合的寫意之境。