馮寶蘭
過(guò)去完成時(shí)是動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的基本形式之一,也是中考的一個(gè)常考內(nèi)容。對(duì)此,筆者就過(guò)去完成時(shí)的形式和主要用法進(jìn)行了分析,以期同學(xué)們能夠準(zhǔn)確把握和運(yùn)用。
一、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的形式
過(guò)去完成時(shí)主要由“had+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成,其形式如下:
(1)肯定句:主語(yǔ)+had+過(guò)去分詞+其他。例如:
By the end of last year, I had worked in the school for ten years.
到去年年底,我已經(jīng)在學(xué)校工作了十年。
When I called Tom, he had left the hotel.
當(dāng)我打電話給湯姆時(shí),他已經(jīng)離開(kāi)酒店了。
(2)否定句:主語(yǔ)+hadn t(had not)+過(guò)去分詞+其他。例如:
The sun hadn t risen when we got to the top of the mountain.
當(dāng)我們到達(dá)山頂時(shí)太陽(yáng)還沒(méi)有升起來(lái)。
The little boy sitting next to me on the plane was afraid , because he hadn tflown be- fore.
飛機(jī)上坐在我旁邊的小男孩很害怕,因?yàn)樗郧皼](méi)有坐過(guò)飛機(jī)。
(3)一般疑問(wèn)句:Had+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞+其他,其肯定回答為“Yes,主語(yǔ)+had”,否定回答則為“No,主語(yǔ)+hadn t”。例如:
—Had the basketball match begun when you got to the playground?
—Yes, it had.
——你到操場(chǎng)的時(shí)候籃球比賽已經(jīng)開(kāi)始了嗎?
——是的,它已經(jīng)開(kāi)始了。
二、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的主要用法
1.表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài), 常與by, before,when 等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。例如:
The wind was still blowing, but the rain had stopped.
風(fēng)還在吹著,但雨已經(jīng)停了。(had stopped 發(fā)生在was still blowing之前)
When I got home, my parents had gone out for a walk.
當(dāng)我回家時(shí),我的父母已經(jīng)出去散步了。(had gone out發(fā)生在got home之前)
2.表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到過(guò)去另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),常與for構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)或since引導(dǎo)的從句連用。例如:
By the time of last year, I had learnt danc- ing for six years.
到去年的時(shí)候,我已經(jīng)學(xué)了六年的舞蹈了。
He had worked in this company since he came here.
自從他來(lái)到這里就在這個(gè)公司工作。
3.在“It was the first/second/third...time that...”結(jié)構(gòu)中,由于主句使用了一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài),因此that引導(dǎo)的從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)。例如:
This was the first time she had seen her mother so furious.
這是她第一次看到母親如此憤怒。
That was the second time that I had visit- ed the Palace Museum.
那是我第二次參觀故宮博物館。
4.在含有賓語(yǔ)從句的主從復(fù)合句中,若
主句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài),且賓語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)作先于主句的動(dòng)作,那么賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如:
She asked me whether I had seen the film last Sunday.
她問(wèn)我上星期天是否看過(guò)那部電影。
He said that he had visited his old class- mates.
他說(shuō)他已拜訪了他的老同學(xué)。
5.hope, want, mean,plan, intend, expect 等意向動(dòng)詞, 若使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài),則表示過(guò)去未能實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、意圖、計(jì)劃、打算等,常含有某種遺憾、惋惜。例如:
We had hoped that you would come yes- terday, but you didn t.
我們本希望你昨天能來(lái),但是你沒(méi)來(lái)。
The girl had meant to take the English book with her, but she forgot.
這個(gè)女孩本來(lái)打算帶上英語(yǔ)書(shū)的,但是她忘記了。
總之,過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)主要側(cè)重表示“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。同學(xué)們要熟知其形式,掌握其基本用法。
【跟蹤訓(xùn)練】
①I(mǎi)?? to see you, but I was too busy.
A.want????? B. wanted
C.has wanted??? D. had wanted
②By the first day of July 2023,the CPC ??? ?for one hundred and two years.
A.founds???? B. found
C. has been founded D. had been founded
③ Jack didn t go to see the film with us last night because he??? it with his father.
A.saw????? B. will see
C.had seen??? D. has seen
【參考答案】① D ② D ③ C