Dual histologic variants of schwannomas in orbital schwannomatosis

Dear Editor,

We present an extremely rare case of orbital schwannomatosis with dual histologic variants.Schwannomas are tumors resulting from the slow proliferation of Schwann cells located in peripheral nerve sheaths

. They are commonly seen in middle-aged individuals but had been reported in patients 20-70 years of age. The presence of multiple schwannomas in the body has often been associated with neurofibromatosis (NF). However, schwannomatosis is considered in the absence of coexisting criteria diagnostic of NF. Schwannomatosis is a rare genetic disorder with an annual estimated incidence of 0.58 cases per 1 000 000 persons and usually manifests in the 2

-3

decade of life

. A set of criteria to diagnose schwannomatosis proposed by Baser

is summarized in Table 1.

改革開放40年來(lái)中國(guó)的扶貧開發(fā)一直在占全國(guó)1/3左右的縣(區(qū))展開，不計(jì)其數(shù)的各級(jí)干部尤其是基層干部參與其中。僅精準(zhǔn)扶貧開展以來(lái)，每年有近百萬(wàn)的干部參加幫扶。大量的干部工作到扶貧第一線，直接與貧困戶、貧困村打交道，了解貧困戶的致貧原因、幫助參謀和設(shè)計(jì)扶貧項(xiàng)目和脫貧方式，使參與其中的干部能夠比較深入地了解和認(rèn)識(shí)國(guó)情，培養(yǎng)踏實(shí)的工作作風(fēng)，在工作過程中也鍛煉了干部的能力。這些經(jīng)歷和鍛煉成為參與幫扶干部的寶貴財(cái)富，也將成為提高政府部門尤其是基層組織的決策水平和管理績(jī)效的重要推手。

Schwannomas found within or adjacent to the orbit are rare and represent only 1% of all orbital neoplasms

. A lone schwannoma in the orbit without association to NF is called primary orbital schwannoma

. Having multiple orbital ones is often NF-associated. However, it is extremely rare to have multiple orbital schwannomas without fulfilling any criteria diagnostic of NF, or orbital schwannomatosis.

This is a case of a 25-year-old Filipino female with a 3y history of gradually progressive proptosis of the right eye and enlarging mass at the superomedial anterior orbit of the same side. There were associated blurring of vision of the right eye,7/10 pain in right orbit, and diplopia on all gazes. She had no pre-existing medical conditions and there was no similar condition indicative of NF1 or 2 in the family. On examination,the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were 20/50 on the right eye and 20/20 on the left eye. A proptosis of 4 millimeters(mm) was measured by exophthalmometry. A 10×5 mm

nodular, solitary, non-movable, and non-tender mass was palpated at the superomedial anterior orbit with an inferolateral displacement of the right globe. There was resistance to retropulsion. There was no relative afferent pupillary defect.Limitations in extraocular muscle movement in the right eye were graded at -1 on all gazes. Intraocular pressures were at 14 mm Hg for both eyes. Anterior and posterior segments were unremarkable. The fundoscopy was unremarkable. There was no Lisch nodule in the iris or cataract seen. The principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki were followed. Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for this case presentation.

On systemic examination, she had no clinical evidence indicative of NF1 or 2 (

, café-au-lait macules, axillary or inguinal freckles, and palpable mass in any part of her body aside from the orbit). Cranial and orbital computed tomography(CT) revealed multiple well-circumscribed intraconal and extraconal isointense masses in the right orbit (Figure 1). The intraconal mass measured 15×23×15 mm

and was indenting the right globe posteriorly and displacing the intraorbital optic nerve segment medially. It had a central cystic component with fluid level. The extraconal mass measured 18×11×8 mm

,dumbbell-shaped, well-circumscribed, isointense, and was in the superomedial extraconal space. There was no other mass suggestive of meningioma or optic nerve glioma. There was also no mass appreciated in the vestibulocochlear nerve.

She underwent excision of the tumors through a lateral orbitotomy.Two orbital masses were removed from the superomedial anterior orbit measuring 6×8 mm

and 8×16 mm

, lightpink, and with smooth pseudocapsules. The larger intraconal mass measured 20×25 mm

and was similarly encased in a pseudocapsule. The three excised lesions appeared to be distinct from each other. Histopathology read the tumors into two different types: schwannoma with myxoid degeneration(two superomedial anterior orbital masses), and schwannoma with degenerative atypia/ancient schwannoma (intraconal mass; Figure 2). On 6

week post-operative follow-up, her BCVA in the right eye improved to 20/25 and proptosis was resolved. She was advised to follow-up annually.

However, none of the cases reported having different types of histologic variants. Schwannoma has four major histologic variants: the classical/conventional type which is characterized by encapsulation and the presence of Antoni A composed of hypercellular spindle cells and Antoni B showing hypocellular myxomatous pattern; the relatively uncommon cellular type found in the vertebrae and exhibits Antoni A; the plexiform type commonly found in the skin and also exhibits Antoni A; and the melanotic type found in spinal roots,contains epithelioid cells and melanin and has potential to be malignant

. Additional variants include ancient schwannoma characterized by unusual hyperchromatic nuclei in the absence of mitoses. This is a rare variant and has been reported in the orbit only once

. Our patient presented both with classical and ancient schwannomas.

Specific identification of the nerve origin is difficult due to the anatomic complexity of the orbital soft tissues. However,the location of the extraconal masses in all the cases can be suggestive that the schwannomas developed from the supratrochlear, infratrochlear, or the supraorbital nerve

. CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are helpful for tumor localization. MRI can also show capsular enhancement and circumferential enhancement surrounding regions of cystic degeneration in the ancient subtype of schwannomas

. MRI is also necessary to ensure that there is no vestibular mass diagnostic of NF2. If present, ophthalmologists, who can be the first to see the patient, have to also screen for cataract and glaucoma. The patient also has to be assessed for other NF2 manifestations such as hearing loss, numbness, and weakness of the extremities and appropriate referrals shall be made.

This is the 4

, youngest, and 1

case of orbital schwannomatosis with two histologic types of schwannomas. Review of the literature showed only three other patients with orbital schwannomatosis

. Koktekir

reported a case of a 59-year-old male with two orbital masses on imaging with no associated NF findings whom they diagnosed as a case of orbital schwannomatosis. However, on excision, only one mass was removed with the smaller mass on the imaging as just a possible part of it making the case a probable primary orbital schwannoma. Although two more masses were removed 5y after, these could have been recurrences from the initial mass as both were excised from the same area

. Similar to the other reported cases, our patient presented with gradual proptosis,enlarging mass in the superior to medial anterior orbit with resulting hypoglobus, had multiple extra- and intraconal masses on imaging, had no findings associated with NF, and responded well to surgical excision

.

一杭想在樓下一個(gè)早餐點(diǎn)前喝碗豆?jié){，卻見兩個(gè)戴墨鏡的男子一邊狼吞虎咽地吃著包子，一邊偷偷地看他，見一杭有所察覺，立即低下頭吃東西。一杭的心提了起來(lái)，范堅(jiān)強(qiáng)不會(huì)在路上對(duì)我下手吧？他迅速走過去，到前面一家早餐店買了兩根油條，邊走邊回頭，那兩個(gè)人似乎并沒有再注意他。一杭這才放下心來(lái)，看來(lái)是自己太多疑了，弄得草木皆兵。

無(wú)節(jié)幼體階段依靠自身體內(nèi)卵黃做營(yíng)養(yǎng)，無(wú)須投喂餌料。在這一階段，水溫控制在20～22℃，PH保持在7.8～8.6，無(wú)節(jié)幼體期水質(zhì)比較清凈，幼體耗氧量低，微充氣即可。無(wú)節(jié)幼體期歷時(shí)約4d，經(jīng)過6次蛻皮變態(tài)為蚤狀幼體。無(wú)節(jié)幼體培育期間每天加水15～20cm。

Even though orbital schwannomas are usually asymptomatic,surgery is a mainstay in its management

. Schwannomas are commonly well-circumscribed, encapsulated solitary masses that adhere to the nerve, but can be separated from the nerve origin with careful dissection to avoid nerve transection.Early surgical excision is desired to avoid the sequelae of tissue compression. Schwannomas become symptomatic by compressing adjacent structures

. Compression of the globe leads to proptosis and the optic nerve to the blurring of vision. Its space-occupying effect can result in diplopia from limiting extraocular movement and to eye pain

. Complete surgical excision of the mass is desired, as incomplete excision may lead to tumor recurrence similar to the other patient reported by Koktekir

. For our patient, despite complete excision of masses, regular surveillance of tumor recurrence is necessary since recurrence was reported to be common in orbital schwannomatosis.

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