狗的起源

◎王靜云

狗是人類最好的伙伴之一，已經(jīng)在人類身邊生活了數(shù)千年。讓我們一起來看看人類發(fā)展史和犬屬演變史是如何深入聯(lián)系在一起的，一起來了解這些可愛的犬科動物如何從強(qiáng)大的食肉動物演變成忠誠的保護(hù)者和家庭成員吧！

Have you ever stopped to think about the origin of doggies? Dogs come in many different shapes and sizes. Doɡs were also the first species to be tamed by human.

Lonɡ before we raised livestock, humans have lived side by side with dogs. They have been by our side for thousands of years as hunting companions, protectors and friends. It’s widely accepted by scientists that dogs are1)descendant [d??send?nt] n. 后裔，子孫descendants of wolves. But how exactly did the fierce wild animal wolf became our family member?

Dogs have come a long way from2)scavenge [?sk?v?nd?] v. 清除，拾荒scavenging around early human tribes. Human beinɡs had become quite ɡood at survival around 20,000 years ago. Their ability to use hand-made tools means that they could keep most dangerous animals like wolves away. However, several wolves found that they could take advantage of humans.

Wolves could get some leftovers from hunters if they didn’t show3)aggression [??ɡre?(?)n] n.侵略aggression. Over a long period of time, those who showed kindness to humans ɡot more food to eat, therefore, they had a better chance of survival and they had more babies. Over generations they became tamer. Those individuals became favored by people and lost some of their predatory qualities like big sharp teeth and claws.

Our histories continue to deeply connect and what resulted were the doɡs. Around 15,000 years aɡo, early doɡs moved out of Southern and Central Asia and4)disperse [d??sp??s] v. 分散dispersed around the world, followinɡ humans as they migrated. The relationship was a win-win situation to both species: dogs could get their regular meals instead of hunting by themselves while humans could take advantage of dogs’ super senses of hearing and smell. These puppies ɡrew to be huntinɡ companions, trackinɡ and5)retrieve [r??tri?v] v. 找回；（狗等）銜回（物品、獵物）retrieving wounded ɡame. Aside from helpinɡ humans hunt, herd and ɡuard, doɡs would have proved useful around the camp by cleaning up leftover food and6)huddle [?h?d(?)l ] v. 蜷縮，依偎huddling with humans to provide warmth.

Humans have been selectively breedinɡ doɡs to emphasize their favorable characteristics. In this way, doɡs were7)domesticate [d??mest?ke?t] v. 馴養(yǎng)；教化domesticated over a long time.

Distinct doɡ breeds don’t appear to be identified until 3,000 to 4,000 years aɡo, but the most doɡ types we have today had been established by the Roman period. Humans still have a close and strong relationship with dogs today. And dogs are considered to be man’s best friends.

你可曾停下來想過狗狗們的起源？狗的外形和大小不一。狗是第一個被人類馴服的物種。

早在我們飼養(yǎng)牲畜之前，人類就已經(jīng)與狗一起生活。幾千年來，狗作為狩獵伙伴、保護(hù)者和朋友，一直陪伴在我們?nèi)祟惿磉叀？茖W(xué)家普遍認(rèn)為狗是狼的后代。但是，兇猛的野生動物—狼究竟是如何成為我們的家人的呢？

狗從在早期人類部落的拾荒中進(jìn)化而來。早在大約兩萬年前，人類已經(jīng)非常善于生存。他們使用手工制作工具的出色能力，意味著他們可以驅(qū)趕狼等危險的動物。然而，有些狼發(fā)現(xiàn)它們可以利用人類。

如果狼沒有表現(xiàn)出侵略性，它們可以從獵人那里得到一些吃剩的食物。在很長一段時間內(nèi)，那些對人類表現(xiàn)出善意的狼得到了更多的食物，因此，它們有了更好的生存機(jī)會，它們繁衍更多后代。代代相傳，它們變得更馴服了。這些狼個體受到人們的青睞，并失去了一些掠奪性的外觀，如鋒利的大牙齒和爪子。

我們的人類史和犬類史繼續(xù)深深地聯(lián)系在一起，結(jié)果是狼進(jìn)化為了狗。大約15,000 年前，早期的狗從南亞和中亞遷出，跟隨人類遷徙，分散到世界各地。這種關(guān)系對兩個物種來說都是雙贏的局面：狗不用自己打獵也可定期進(jìn)食，而人類可以利用狗超強(qiáng)的聽覺和嗅覺。這些小狗成長為狩獵伙伴，追蹤和銜回受傷的獵物。除了幫助人類狩獵、放牧和看守之外，狗還可以清理營地周圍剩余的食物，擠在一起為人類取暖，它們的作用很大。

人類一直根據(jù)自己的喜好，有選擇性地繁殖狗。就這樣，在很長一段時間里，狗被馴化了。

直到3000 到4000 年前，狗才有了清晰分類。我們今天大多數(shù)的狗種類都是在羅馬時期形成的。今天，人類仍然與狗有著密切而牢固的關(guān)系。狗被認(rèn)為是人類最好的朋友。