DNA and RNA oxidative damage in hepatocellular carcinoma patients and mortality during the first year of liver transplantation

Leonardo Lorente,Sergio T Rodriguez,Pablo Sanz,Agustín F González-Rivero,Antonia Pérez-Cejas,Javier Padilla,Dácil Díaz,Antonio González,María M Martín,Alejandro Jiménez,Purificación Cerro,Julián Portero,Manuel A Barrera

Leonardo Lorente,Department ofIntensive Care,Hospital Universitario de Canarias,La Laguna 38320,Tenerife,Spain

Sergio T Rodriguez,María M Martín,Intensive Care Unit,Hospital Universitario Nuestra Se?ora Candelaria,Santa Cruz de Tenerife 38010,Spain

Pablo Sanz,Javier Padilla,Manuel A Barrera,Department of Surgery,Hospital Universitario Nuestra Se?ora de Candelaria,Santa Cruz de Tenerife 38010,Spain

Agustín F González-Rivero,Antonia Pérez-Cejas,Department of Laboratory,Hospital Universitario de Canarias,La Laguna 38320,Spain

Dácil Díaz,Antonio González,Department of Digestive,Hospital Universitario Nuestra Se?ora de Candelaria,Santa Cruz de Tenerife 38010,Spain

Alejandro Jiménez,Research Unit,Hospital Universitario de Canarias,La Laguna 38320,Spain

Purificación Cerro,Transplant Unit,Hospital Universitario Nuestra Se?ora Candelaria,Santa Cruz de Tenerife 38010,Spain

Julián Portero,Department of Radiology,Hospital Universitario Nuestra Se?ora Candelaria,Santa Cruz de Tenerife 38010,Spain

Abstract BACKGROUND Oxidative damage of DNA and RNA has been associated with mortality of patients with different diseases.However,there is no published data on the potential use of DNA and RNA oxidative damage to predict the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)undergoing liver transplantation(LT).AIM To determine whether patients with increased DNA and RNA oxidative damage prior to LT for HCC have a poor LT prognosis.METHODS Patients with HCC who underwent LT were included in this observational and retrospective study.Serum levels of all three oxidized guanine species(OGS)were measured prior to LT since guanine is the nucleobase that forms DNA and RNA most prone to oxidation.LT mortality at 1 year was the end-point study.RESULTS Surviving patients(n = 101)showed lower serum OGS levels(P = 0.01)and lower age of the liver donor(P = 0.03)than non-surviving patients(n = 13).An association between serum OGS levels prior to LT and 1-year LT(odds ratio = 2.079;95% confidence interval = 1.356-3.189;P = 0.001)was found in the logistic regression analysis.CONCLUSION The main new finding was that high serum OGS concentration prior to LT was associated with the mortality 1 year after LT in HCC patients.

Key Words: DNA oxidative damage;Hepatocellular carcinoma;Liver transplantation;Mortality;Oxidized guanine species

INTRODUCTION

Liver transplantation(LT)could be the treatment of choice in some patients with hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)[1-4],which is the most common malignant liver tumor and is responsible for many deaths.LT may be an appropriate choice because it treats liver failure and removes the liver tumor[5-8].

The possible contribution of the oxidative state in chronic liver disease progression and in hepatocarcinogenesis development has been suggested[9-12].RNA,DNA,lipids and proteins could be damaged by reactive oxygen species during oxidative stress.The five types of nucleobases present in RNA and DNA are adenine,guanine,cytosine,uracil and thymine;but only four types of those nucleobases constitute RNA and DNA.In both,RNA and DNA,guanine,adenine and cytosine are present.In addition,uracil is present in RNA and thymine in DNA.Guanine is the nucleobase most prone to oxidation since it has the lowest redox potential[13-16].The three species of oxidized guanine species(OGS)are 8-hydroxyguanine from DNA or RNA,8-hydroxyguanosine from RNA,and 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine from DNA.

An association between DNA and RNA oxidative damage and mortality has been found in patients with other diseases such as sepsis[17].Greater DNA oxidative damage(assessed by concentrations of 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine in liver biopsy samples)has been found in patients with chronic hepatic disease with HCC than without it[18,19].However,there is no published data about the potential use of DNA and RNA oxidative damage to predict the prognosis of patients with HCC and who underwent LT.Therefore,the aim in our study was to analyze the potential association between increased oxidative DNA and RNA damage before LT for HCC and poorer LT prognosis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Design and patients

We included patients who underwent LT due to HCC between May 2001 to May 2017.LT were carried out in the Hospital Universitario Nuestra Se?ora de Candelaria(Santa Cruz de Tenerife,Spain).This observational and retrospective study was performed after the approval by the Institutional Review Board.Patients were included after the written informed consent was obtained by the LT recipient or a family member.All LT donors were brain dead.Serum samples were obtained before LT and frozen at -80 oC,and serum concentrations of 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine were determined in those samples.

Variables

Sex,age,nodule size,degree of tumor differentiation,Child-Pugh score[20],infiltration,serum alphafetoprotein level,macrovascular invasion,multinodular tumor,portal hypertension(determined either by clinical data or by hepatic venous pressure gradient),microvascular invasion,model for end-stage liver disease score[21]by hepatic function,treatment before LT,LT technique and inside Milan criteria[22]before and after LT were registered.In addition,age of LT donor was registered.One-year LT survival was considered our end-point study.

Serum samples and determination of OGS concentrations

Serum samples were taken about 2 h before LT.Afterwards samples were placed in a -80 oC freezer.We had previously determined serum caspase-3 levels in some of these patients[23],and in this research we determined serum OGS levels.We used kits called DNA/RNA Oxidative Damage ELISA Kit?(by Cayman Chemical Corporation in Ann Arbor,United States)to determine serum OGS concentrations.The detection limit of these kits was 0.45 ng/mL.All determinations were carried out in the same Laboratory Department blinded to clinical data.

Statistical methods

Categorical variables,presented as frequency(percentage),were compared using the χ2test.Continuous variables,presented as median(percentiles 25 and 75),were compared using the test of Mann-Whitney.The ability of serum OGS concentrations prior to LT to predict 1-year LT mortality was analyzed using receiver operating characteristic curve.The Kaplan-Meier 1-year LT survival curves were constructed with a serum OGS concentration cut-off(3.3 ng/mL)selected on the basis of Youden’s J-index.The association between serum OGS levels and 1-year LT controlling for serum caspase-3 levels and age of liver donor was analyzed using the logistic regression analysis.MedCal 15.2.1(Ostend,Belgium)and SPSS 17.0(by SPSS Inc.in Chicago,IL,United States)were used to perform the statistical analyses.

RESULTS

We included 114 patients in the study,of which 101 remained alive 1 year after LT and 13 died during the first year after LT.Surviving LT patients in comparison to non-surviving patients showed lower serum OGS concentrations prior to LT(P= 0.01)and lower liver donor age(P= 0.03)(Table 1).No significant differences between surviving and non-surviving patients regarding sex,liver receptor age,nodule size,serum alpha-fetoprotein levels,degree of tumor differentiation,microvascular invasion,multinodular tumor,infiltration,macrovascular invasion,Child-Pugh score,model for end-stage liver disease score,portal hypertension,treatment prior to LT,LT technique and inside Milan criteria before and after LT were observed(Table 1).Significant differences were not found(P= 0.20)in serum OGS concentrations in regard to the cause of death: 8(61.5%)sepsis,3(23.1%)multiple organ failure,1(7.7%)recurrence of hepatitis C virus infection and 1(7.7%)recurrence of HCC.

In logistic analysis,an association was found between serum OGS and 1-year LT mortality,controlling for serum caspase-3 and liver donor age[odds ratio = 2.079;95% confidence interval(CI): 1.356-3.189;P= 0.001](Table 2).On the receiver operating characteristic analysis,the area under the curve of pre-LT serum OGS concentrations for predicting 1-year LT mortality was found to be 71%(95%CI: 55%-88%;P= 0.009)(Figure 1).

Table 1 Clinical and biochemical characteristics of 1-year liver transplantation survivor and non-survivor patients

Table 2 Logistic regression analysis for the variables associated with 1-year liver transplantation mortality

Serum OGS levels with a cut-off point of 3.3 ng/mL showed a sensitivity of 69%(39%-91%),specificity of 66%(56%-74%),positive likelihood ratio of 2.1(1.3-3.2),negative likelihood ratio of 0.5(0.2-1.1),positive predictive value of 21%(14%-29%)and negative predictive value of 94%(88%-98%)for 1-year LT mortality prediction.The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed a higher 1-year LT mortality risk in patients with serum OGS levels prior to LT above 3.3 ng/mL(hazard ratio = 4.2;95%CI: 1.36-13.11;P= 0.01)(Figure 2).

Figure 1 On the receiver operating characteristic analysis,the area under the curve of pre-liver transplantation serum oxidized guanine species concentrations for predicting 1-yr liver transplantation mortality was found to be 71%(95% confidence interval: 55%-88%;P =0.009).OGS: Oxidized guanine species;CI: Confidence interval;AUC: Area under the curve.

Figure 2 The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed a higher 1-yr liver transplantation mortality risk in patients with increased serum oxidized guanine species levels prior to liver transplantation(hazard ratio = 4.2;95% confidence interval: 1.36-13.11;P = 0.01).OGS:Oxidized guanine species;CI: Confidence interval.

DISCUSSION

To our knowledge,our study is the first reporting data about the determination of DNA and RNA oxidative damage to predict prognosis of patients with HCC who underwent LT.The main finding was that high serum OGS prior to LT was associated with the mortality 1 year after LT.Greater oxidative DNA damage(assessed by 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine concentration in liver biopsy specimens)has been found in patients with chronic liver disease with HCC compared to those without[18,19].However,the association between serum OGS concentration and LT mortality is a new finding of our study.

These higher serum OGS levels found in non-surviving LT patients are in line with those found in patients with other diseases,such as sepsis[17],and could be in relation with a higher oxidative status that could favor multiple organ dysfunction and death of patients.

There were some limitations of our study.First,we have not determined serum 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine change after LT to explore which is a better serum marker for prognosis(before or after LT).Second,we have not determined serum 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine in healthy controls or chronic liver patients without HCC.However,the objective of our study was to determine whether patients with increased oxidative DNA and RNA damage before undergoing LT for HCC have poorer LT prognosis.Third,we have not determined other markers of oxidative stress for nucleic acids,such as abasic sites or 8-nitroguanosine 3’,5’-cyclic monophosphate.Fourth,we have not determined 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine in the liver to explore its correlation with serum levels.Fifth,the regression analysis did not allow the introduction of more variables due to the low number of deceased patients.However,one strength of our study was that the association between mortality and serum OGS has been also previously found in patients with other diseases such as sepsis[17].

The possible contribution of an oxidative state in chronic liver disease progression and in hepatocarcinogenesis development has been suggested.In addition,the potential use of antioxidant agents in patients with chronic liver diseases has also been suggested[9-12].Therefore,these preliminary results could induce studies to clarify the potential role of oxidative damage in the prognosis of LT patients due to HCC and to explore the use of antioxidant agents to reduce oxidative stress in those patients.

CONCLUSION

The main new finding was that high serum OGS concentrations prior to LT were associated with mortality 1 year after LT in HCC patients.

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

Research background

Oxidative damage of DNA and RNA has been associated with mortality of patients with various diseases.

Research motivation

There is no published data on the potential use of DNA and RNA oxidative damage to predict the prognosis of patients with liver transplantation(LT)due to hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).

Research objectives

The aim in our study was to analyze the potential association between increased oxidative DNA and RNA damage before LT due to HCC and poorer LT prognosis.

Research methods

In this observational,retrospective study,patients with HCC who underwent LT were included.Serum levels of all three oxidized guanine species(OGS)were measured prior to LT because guanine is the nucleobase with a higher risk of oxidation.LT mortality at 1 year was the end point of the study.

Research results

Surviving patients(n= 101)showed lower serum OGS levels(P= 0.01)and lower age of liver donor(P=0.03)than non-surviving patients(n= 13).An association between serum OGS prior to LT and 1-year LT(odds ratio = 2.079;95% confidence interval: 1.356-3.189;P= 0.001)was found in the logistic regression analysis.

Research conclusions

The main new finding was that high serum OGS concentration prior to LT was associated with 1-year LT mortality.

Research perspectives

These preliminary results could induce studies to clarify the potential role of oxidative damage in the prognosis of LT patients due to HCC and to explore the use of antioxidant agents to reduce oxidative stress in those patients.

FOOTNOTES

Author contributions:Lorente L was responsible for conception,design and coordination of the study,made substantial contributions to acquisition of data and analysis and interpretation of data and drafted the manuscript;Rodriguez ST,Sanz P,Portero J,Díaz D,González A,Martín MM,Cerro P,Portero J and Barrera MA made substantial contributions to acquisition of data and provided useful suggestions;González-Rivero AF and Pérez-Cejas A participated in blood determination levels;Jiménez A made substantial contributions to analysis and interpretation of data;All authors critically read and approved the manuscript and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Institutional review board statement:The Institutional Board of the Hospital Universitario Nuestra Se?ora de Candelaria(Santa Cruz de Tenerife,Spain)approved the study protocol.

Informed consent statement:All study participants or their legal guardian provided informed written consent about personal and medical data collection prior to study enrolment.

Conflict-of-interest statement:All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.

Data sharing statement:The datasets generated during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Open-Access:This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers.It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial(CC BYNC 4.0)license,which permits others to distribute,remix,adapt,build upon this work non-commercially,and license their derivative works on different terms,provided the original work is properly cited and the use is noncommercial.See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/

Country/Territory of origin:Spain

ORCID number:Leonardo Lorente 0000-0003-4902-4065;Sergio T Rodriguez 0000-0003-1635-3604;Pablo Sanz 0000-0003-4770-0111;Agustín F González-Rivero 0000-0002-9712-6990;Antonia Pérez-Cejas 0000-0002-8267-4556;Javier Padilla 0000-0001-8103-7267;Dácil Díaz 0000-0002-8836-9771;Antonio González 0000-0002-4180-0376;María M Martín 0000-0003-0239-873X;Alejandro Jiménez 0000-0001-8732-2616;Purificación Cerro 0000-0002-1270-5046;Julián Portero 0000-0001-9619-197X;Manuel A Barrera 0000-0001-8216-6212.

S-Editor:Fan JR

L-Editor:Filipodia

P-Editor:Fan JR