6個引進油棕品種農藝性狀評價

馮美利　張海清　曹紅星

摘 ?要：油棕（Elaeis guineensisJacq.）是世界上產油效率最高的熱帶木本油料作物之一，享有“世界油王”之稱。缺少自主選育的優良品種是限制我國油棕產業發展的主要因素之一，為選育適應我國栽培的油棕品種并對優良育種材料提供參考，對6個引自哥斯達黎加的油棕品種的植株生長、果穗、果實、產油量等性狀進行觀測與綜合分析。結果表明：種植4年后，6個品種植株的自然高度為3.45～4.78 m，冠幅為5.28～6.11 m，莖高為81.50～105.00 cm，葉片總數為32.50～41.50片/株，葉片長度為332.25～391.75 cm，新增葉數為18.00～22.50片/（株·年），其中2號和5號品種的植株相對較矮小;6個品種均屬于中小果且為薄殼類型，其中1號品種的幼果為綠色，且成熟果穗中有30%～75%的果實沒有核果（無籽），3號品種的幼果有綠色和黑色，其他品種的幼果均為黑色;6個品種的果穗數為8.48～13.31串/（株·年），果肉/果實比重為73.65%～83.50%，果實/果穗比重為53.45%～59.21%、果肉出油率為47.92%～54.10%、果穗出油率為20.83%～24.93%，具有高產的潛力。主成分分析結果表明，6個品種間在第一主成分無明顯分離，層次聚類和熱圖可視化了6個品種植株農藝性狀指標的聚類情況。6個品種綜合相關性分析表明，單株產油量與果穗性狀、果實性狀和果穗出油率呈極顯著正相關，這些指標可作為產油量鑒定指標，為未來油棕高產選育提供基礎。

關鍵詞：油棕;農藝性狀;產油量;評價中圖分類號：S56??????文獻標識碼：A

Evaluation of Agronomic Traits of Six?Imported Oil Palm Varieties

Abstract： Oil palm?（Elaeis guineensisJacq.）， the “King of oil world”， is one of the tropical woody oil crops with the highest oil production efficiency in the world. The lack of excellent varieties bred independently is one of the main factors restricting the development of the oil palm industry in China. In order to provide the reference for the selection of oil palm varieties and excellent breeding materials suitable for cultivation in China， the plant growth， bunch， fruit， oil yield and other traits of six oil palm varieties introduced from Costa Rica were measured and comprehensively analyzed. After planting 4?years， the plant height was 3.45?4.78?m， the crown width was 5.28?6.11?m， the trunk height was 81.50??105.00?cm， the total number of leaves was 32.50?41.50 leaves?per?plant， the length of leaves was 332.25?391.75?cm， and the number of new leaves was 18.00?22.50?leaves?per?plant per?year. No.2 and No.5 varieties were relatively short. Six varieties were all small and medium-sized fruits and thin-shelled types. Among them， the young fruits of No.1variety were green， and 30%?75% of the fruits in the mature bunches had no drupe （seedless）， the young fruits of No.3 variety were green and black， and the young fruits of other varieties were black. The number of bunch of six varieties was 8.48?13.31 bunch per?plant per?year， mesocarp to fruit ratio was 73.65%?83.50%， fruit to bunch ratio was 53.45%?59.21%， oil to wet mesocarp ratio was 47.92%?54.10% and oil to bunch rate was 20.83%?24.93%， which has the potential of high yield. Principal component analysis showed that there was no obvious separation among the six varieties in the first principal component. Hierarchical clustering and heat-map analysis visualized the clustering of agronomic traits of the six varieties. Comprehensive correlation analysis of the six varieties showed that the oil yield per plant was significantly positively correlated with bunch traits， fruit traits and oil to bunch rate. The indicators could be used as identification indicators of oil yield and provide useful information for breeding new varieties with high yield in the future.50D83104-A8A0-41AD-8171-E788310037DF

Keywords： oil palm; agronomic traits; oil production; evaluation

DOI： 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2022.05.008

油棕（Elaeis guineensis Jacq.）屬棕櫚科油棕屬多年生植物，是當今世界種植面積最大、應用最為廣泛的熱帶油料作物之一，因其單位面積產油量高而被譽為“世界油王”。……