ABSTRACTS

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: With great difficulty, development and security are accommodated simultaneously by a single institutional logic. China’s history of balancing these paradoxical goals is not only the result of the temporary correction of institutions, policies, or organizational incentives but also the phased remodeling of the system. The “holistic governance with hegemony for totality” explains the basic system and historical experience of China through the coordination of development and security. Holistic governance is not the total control and top-down allocation of scarce resources and rules. It is a multi-level mechanism that is capable of mobilizing resources and building a united front based on common goals. As development and security issues pervade the world, this coordinating logic will also have universal significance around the world.

: paradox of governance； logic of coordinating； hegemony for totality； holistic governance

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: Public data is a vital resource. And data governance rules are fundamental in our digital era. They must protect citizens’ fundamental rights and promote cooperation among social actors to stimulate digital empowerment. Most data governance studies adopt a government-centered perspective, focusing on data sharing within the government. Nevertheless, one agency is not always entitled to authorize to share the data of another. Thus, the government faces the dilemma of providing a public resource and protecting privacy. Based on in-depth interviews and a questionnaire survey in Hangzhou, this article demonstrates a local government’s introduction of data governance by citizen authorization. We argue the construction of the Citizen Authorization Mechanism in public data governance goes beyond government centralism. It is a practical approach that balances multiple policy goals, including privacy protection, quality data management, and cross-border data-sharing. This study provides a fresh perspective for the development of public data governance mechanisms that meet the needs of big data analysis.

: digitalization；public data； privacy protection；data sharing；data governance

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: The realization of common prosperity is inseparable from the guiding values of culture. China’s traditional culture contains rich genes for common prosperity but they are bound with a small-scale peasant economic foundation and feudal hierarchy. These cultural genes are difficult to transfer into the reality of common prosperity in a traditional society. Western culture started the historical process of seeking national prosperity and strength through modernization. The inherent contradictions of capitalist civilization not only failed to bring the prospect of common prosperity but exacerbated the polarization between rich and poor. Marxism is the only scientific guide to common prosperity, from ideal vision to objective reality. As a loyal practitioner of Marxism, the Communist Party of China journeys on the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics to common prosperity through promoting the Sinicization of Marxism. This will help Chinese and Western cultures alike to realize the transcendence of common prosperity in terms of value position, an ideal realm, and spiritual pedigree.

: common prosperity；cultural logic；traditional culture；modernity；sinicization of Marxism

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: In recent years, the burden of grass-roots civil servants has been affecting their personal ambitions. It has also stymied many attempts to improve governance capacity among the grassroots. The central government attaches great importance to “burden reduction”. Previous researches focused on the theory of a pressure-type system. But its unidirectionality and irreversibility concealed the contributions of the multiple causes at work. Unique conclusions could not be formed because they were limited by the pressure-type system. This research is based on the random sampling of villages, towns, and streets in three provinces using the “Grounded theory” to carry out qualitative research. The burdens of grassroots officials go far beyond the explanatory framework of the stress-type system theory. Under the influence of multiple variables such as “superior power, subordinate power, responsibility norm and supervision and examination mechanism”, it is necessary to adopt multiple governance measures to reduce these burdens. The contribution of this study lies in the development and construction of a research framework model, the improvement and supplement of the theory of pressure-type system, and the indicator value of grass-roots burdens in organizational management.

: grassroots civil servants；grass-roots burden；grassroots “Burden Reduction” ；formalism; pressure-type system

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：The Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC proposed constructing a new structure of grassroots social governance. By exploring the new patterns of social governance, it is possible to see that local objectives for grassroots social governance present multiple innovations. They have their own appeal and use their own tools. Therefore, to understand the different logics behind them, a new theoretical framework is required. Using two variables of government, responsibility and governance technology, this paper combines local innovation practices to reveal the inner mechanisms and logics of social governance innovations. The four innovative paths of grassroots governance—government governance, shadow governance, cooperative management, autonomous governance—make up the “New Pattern of Social Governance”.

：social governance；innovation；logic；explanation

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: The grand historical view seeks to understand the development of human society and to reveal the inevitable trends from the perspectives of history, international vision, and knowledge. This paper examines in three dimensions the CPC's great historical view in the practice of Chinese revolution, construction, and reform. The first dimension is that the Communist Party of China unites and leads the people to continuously promote China's economic and social development strategy. The “two-step” development strategy of the 1960s and the “three-step” development strategy of the reform and opening up era have given way to the new “three-step” development strategy in the era of seizing important strategic opportunities. The second dimension is that the Communist Party of China has always attached importance to farmers, rural areas and agriculture. It led farmers to “fight local tyrants and divide land” in the new democratic period; and it guided farmers to take the road of cooperation in the period of socialist revolution and construction. In the period of reform and opening-up and socialist modernization, the CPC promoted the responsibility system of agricultural production. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, “agriculture, rural areas and farmers” have made historic achievements. The third dimension is to propose and continuously promote and realize the building of a well-off society in an all-around way. Since the reform and opening-up, the CPC has proposed, promoted, and realized the building of a well-off society, worked hard, won the battle against poverty, and delivered a world-historic miracle.

: grand view of history; correct view of party history; economic and social development; “agriculture, rural areas and farmers”; poverty alleviation; socialist modernization

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: Clean politics is an activity for the political community to make decisions and to distribute and implement public interests fairly. It is the beautiful pursuit of human political development. Since its establishment, the Communist Party of China has always regarded the construction of clean politics as a development goal. Relying on severe punishment, the construction of systems and mechanisms, ideological education, and publicity, it has carried out a series of self-revolutionary political practice activities. Through all of these, the practice and theory of clean government have made great progress. The following lessons can be drawn from the clean political construction of the Communist Party of China. Clean political construction must adhere to the centralized and unified leadership of the party as the fundamental political premise. We must safeguard the fundamental interests of the people. We must strengthen the powers of institutions. We must use legal thinking and anti-corruption as the basic concepts. And, finally, the modernization of national governance must be our primary goal.

: clean politics；the Communist Party of China ；anti-corruption; combat corruption and maintain a clean government；seeing party self-governance exercised fully and with rigor

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: Self-revolution requires courage. It is not only a requirement at the heart of the Communist Party of China, but also the realistic need for the Communist Party of China to realize its historical mission. The reason why the Communist Party of China, as a centennial party, can have a long and prosperous foundation is that the Communist Party of China has always cultivated its self-revolutionary spirit and the courage to promote its self-revolutionary practice. The historic struggle of the Communist Party of China is also the development history of the party's self-revolution. The “four selves”—self-purification, self-improvement, self-innovation, self-improvement—are the practice and embodiment of the party's self-revolution. The realistic enlightenment of the party's self-revolution is to strengthen the party's self-revolution direction and position, cultivate the party's self-revolution consciousness and courage, pay attention to the party's self-revolution abilities and methods, and improve the party's self-revolution mechanism. In the new era, we should learn from history, grasp the development process and scientific connotations of the party's self-revolution, create the future, and constantly deepen the party's self- revolution.

: Communist Party of China；self-revolution；four selves; realistic enlightenment

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：Asset-based community development is one of the hot topics in urban research. In the practice of community construction in China, top-down administrative attributes and the important role played by grassroots party organizations cause this mode of community development to display distinct characteristics. Using the case study method, we found the key to asset-based community development in China lies in political assets, which lead, stimulate, and drive other advantageous assets to participate in community governance through the identification mechanism, the embedding mechanism, the empowerment mechanism, and the education and guidance mechanism. This paper sheds light on the theoretical construction and practical aspects of asset-based community development and local governance in mega-cities in China.

: asset-based community development; primary-level party organizations; migrant workers; assimilation

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：From the perspective of the “structure-function theory” of sociology, the function of social governance on the internet relies on a corresponding system architecture. This paper discusses the theoretical connotations of social governance on the internet and how to construct and improve that system. It also summarizes the basic principles that should be followed. This paper also discusses the corresponding objective requirements for the three levels of governance: the subject, governance object, and governance methods and means, as they appear in the existing operational framework and overall operation of the social governance of the internet in China.

：social governance of internet society; governance system

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: Chinese private enterprises have entered the period of large-scale intergenerational inheritance. Many sons and daughters of private entrepreneurs have taken over their family business. Meanwhile, among some of the second-generation rich, whose parents revolved from the state, choose to return the public sector. Based on data from CPES 2016, this article examines this interesting but understudied phenomenon. Chinese business families have been undergoing a process of “interrupted bureaucratization”: (1) A parents’ work experience for the state not only significantly improved the possibility of their children’s employment in the same sector but also helped them attain higher professional status in the field. (2) The career-facilitating effect of parents’ experience was not homogeneous. Compared with the state-sector employment experience, parents’ cadre status had greater effect on their children’s careers. (3) The career-facilitating effect of the parents’ state-sector employment, a kind of endowed resource, was mediated by their children’s other resource endowments. For children with lower education levels, the influence of parents’ employment experience was stronger. As a result of the state-dominated political economy, the “interrupted bureaucratization” and its future development will have substantial impacts on the social reproduction of business elites, the extent of social closure, and the prospects for China’s private economy.

: private entrepreneurs；second-generation rich；class reproduction；state-business relations；family succession

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:Tax disputes are highly professional. In theory, administrative reconsideration before litigation can resolve disputes in an efficient, comprehensive manner, guarantee timely collections, and increase judicial economy. However, this may violate the proportionality principle and excessively damage the rights of taxpayers. Due to its lack of independence and impartiality, reconsideration is an unconvincing distraction and merely increases the cost of protecting one’s rights. There is no real need to reduce the burden of court tax litigation. Mandatory administrative reconsideration is not conducive to optimizing the business environment and has become increasingly incompatible with the needs of the new era. Major changes to the current system have not been successful. A free choice between tax dispute resolution methods should be established to achieve a balance between the efficiency of national tax collection and management and the protection of taxpayers’ rights.

: tax disputes；administrative reconsideration before litigation； a free choice mechanism for tax dispute resolution