產(chǎn)業(yè)升級與技術自給帶動中國技能人才需求

文/李炫旻 譯/張靜

Vocational education has great significance for promoting employment and entrepreneurship, boosting economic and social development, and China actively pushes forward the high-quality development of vocational education,and supports exchanges and cooperation in vocational education with other countries, Chinese President Xi Jinping said in a congratulatory letter to the World Vocational and Technical Education Development Conference on August 19,the first such event of its kind, which was being held in North China’s Tianjin Municipality.Xi’s words underscored the great emphasis China puts on vocational education, as the world’s largest manufacturing powerhouse—with a technical talent pool gap estimated to reach 30 million by 2025—is thirsty for skilled workers and technical personnel in emerging high-tech sectors ranging from robots and artificial intelligence to new energy, amid pushes for industrial upgrading and technical self-sufficiency,participants said.

8月19日，首屆世界職業(yè)技術教育發(fā)展大會在華北直轄市天津舉辦。中國國家主席習近平在致大會的賀信中指出，職業(yè)教育對促進就業(yè)創(chuàng)業(yè)、助力經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展具有重要意義。中國積極推動職業(yè)教育高質(zhì)量發(fā)展，支持中外職業(yè)教育交流合作。與會者說，習近平的賀信凸顯了中國對職業(yè)教育的高度重視。中國作為世界第一制造業(yè)大國，到2025年技術人才庫缺口預計達到3000萬。為推動產(chǎn)業(yè)升級和技術自給自足，從機器人和人工智能到新能源等新興高科技領域，都急需技術工人和技術專家。

2中國正面臨勞動力市場緊張的問題，發(fā)展職業(yè)教育有望在兩方面發(fā)揮巨大作用：緩解在某種程度上加劇了“結(jié)構性失業(yè)”的就業(yè)市場供需錯配問題，同時也為年輕求職者提供更多的就業(yè)機會。評論員稱，就長遠看，職業(yè)教育和學歷教育能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)協(xié)同發(fā)展，構建多層次的勞動力體系，為世界第二大經(jīng)濟體提供最大支持保障。

2As China is facing labor market strains, vocational education is set to play an outsized role in easing the job market mismatches that partly fuel “structural unemployment,” while also funneling2funnel運送；輸送。more opportunities to young job-seekers.Observers said that in the long term, vocational and academic education could achieve synergies, creating a multilayered workforce that fires the world’s second-largest economy on all cylinders3fire on all cylinders開足馬力做。.

3天津機電職業(yè)技術學院副校長王維園認為，近年來技能勞動者需求“急劇增長”，這種企業(yè)層面的需求“前所未有”，在工業(yè)機器人、智能設備制造及航空等涉及人工智能制造的領域尤其如此。

3According to Wang Weiyuan, the vice president of the Tianjin Vocational College of Mechanics and Electricity(TVCME), there has been a “drastic increase” in the need for skilled labor in recent years and such enterprise-level demand is “unprecedented,” particularly in sectors concerning intelligent manufacturing, such as industrial robots, intelligent equipment-making and aviation.

4“這一轉(zhuǎn)變與中國作為全球制造業(yè)強國的地位以及中國推動自身經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的方式相一致。中國社會急需高素質(zhì)的專業(yè)技工。”王維園解釋道，并補充說，天津機電職業(yè)技術學院2022年有4000名畢業(yè)生，就業(yè)率已超過90%，而且很多學生甚至在畢業(yè)前就簽訂了勞動合同。

5根據(jù)《環(huán)球時報》記者從天津其他職業(yè)院校了解到的情況，超過90%的就業(yè)率是“十分普遍的”，而且一些大熱的新興專業(yè)就業(yè)率甚至達到了100%。

4“Such a shift is in line with China’s position as a strong global manufacturing base and how the Chinese economy will propel itself going forward.Chinese society is in urgent need of highquality professional workers,” Wang explained, adding that the employment rate of the school’s 4,000 graduates has exceeded 90 percent this year, and a host of students even signed employment contracts before graduation.

5The Global Times learned from other vocational colleges in Tianjin that an above-90-percent employment rate is “quite common,” and some new, redhot majors have seen a 100-percent employment rate.

6Enterprises have achieved cooperation with many schools and set up special classes starting with the junior year to nurture targeted talent—a model called “order-form teaching.”

7TVCME has signed model contracts with a number of firms such as Mercedes-Benz’s Beijing plant, and students under the “order-form teaching” model accounted for 70 percent of its graduates this year.

8Other companies on the list of partnerships with Tianjin vocational schools include robotics firm Siasun Robotics,Qilin Software—which develops homegrown operation systems—and big data firm Inspur.

9The hot vocational job market in Tianjin, where manufacturing accounts for about half of the economy, epitomizes how demands for what are traditionally known as “blue-collar” workers have been shooting up in recent years at the national level.

6企業(yè)已經(jīng)與多所職業(yè)院校達成合作，從大三年級開始設置專門課程定向培養(yǎng)人才，這種模式也叫作“訂單式教學”。

7天津機電職業(yè)技術學院已經(jīng)與北京奔馳等多家企業(yè)簽訂了校企合作示范協(xié)議，通過“訂單式教學”模式培養(yǎng)的學生今年達到了畢業(yè)生的70%。

8在天津職業(yè)院校的合作企業(yè)清單上，還包括機器人企業(yè)新松機器人、國產(chǎn)操作系統(tǒng)開發(fā)企業(yè)麒麟軟件，以及大數(shù)據(jù)企業(yè)浪潮集團。

9在制造業(yè)占經(jīng)濟一半左右的天津，職業(yè)技術就業(yè)市場的火爆可以說是近年全國范圍內(nèi)傳統(tǒng)“藍領”工人需求激增的一個縮影。

10由中國人力資源和社會保障部和工業(yè)和信息化部聯(lián)合發(fā)布的一份報告顯示，中國制造業(yè)10大重點領域技術工人需求人才缺口已經(jīng)超過1900萬，到2025年預計這一缺口將達到3000萬，缺口率高達48%。

10According to a report jointly issued by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security and Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the gap in skilled workers among China’s 10 major manufacturing sectors has exceeded 19 million, and such vacancies are estimated to reach 30 million in 2025, translating to a gap of 48 percent.

11“We’re not talking about blue-collar workers, or the ‘screws’ in flow line production in traditional terms.What China’s manufacturing upgrade needs is not migrant workers without any entry threshold.To be qualified for new kinds of jobs, you need to be professionally trained, innovation-oriented and hold a lot of certificates,” Qi Yuming, deputy dean of the Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Equipment under Tianjin University of Technology and Education,told the Global Times.

11“我們不是在討論藍領工人或是傳統(tǒng)語境中常說的流水線上的‘螺絲釘’工人。中國制造業(yè)升級需要的不是沒有任何準入門檻的外出務工工人。要達到新崗位的從業(yè)要求，需要經(jīng)過專業(yè)訓練，具有創(chuàng)新精神，具有多項資格證書。”天津職業(yè)技術師范大學機器人及智能裝備研究所副所長祁宇明告訴《環(huán)球時報》記者。

12Observers believe that undersupply in the booming vocational job market could alleviate rising pressures on China’s employment, to some extent.

12評論員認為，職業(yè)技術這一朝陽就業(yè)市場的供不應求能夠在一定程度上減輕中國正在攀升的就業(yè)壓力。

13In July, the surveyed urban unemployment rate dropped to 5.4 percent,falling for a third consecutive month.Yet the youth (aged 15—24) jobless rate hit a record high of 19.9 percent in July as 10.76 million new college graduates entered the workforce, the first time the number exceeded 10 million.

13 7月，城鎮(zhèn)調(diào)查失業(yè)率降至5.4%，連續(xù)第3個月下降。然而，隨著1076萬高校畢業(yè)生進入勞動力市場，青年（15—24歲）失業(yè)率在7月上升到19.9%，達到新高。這也是高校畢業(yè)生規(guī)模首次突破1000萬人。

14“The jobless rate is partly caused by structural unemployment, meaning there are mismatches among skilled labor, university graduates and market demand.An effective solution is to scale up vocational training, and draw more students to vocational enrollment,” said Cong Yi, a professor at the Tianjin University of Finance and Economics.He added that this calls for both a shift in students’ views on occupational choice and tailored government policy support.

14天津財經(jīng)大學教授叢屹說：“結(jié)構性失業(yè)是導致失業(yè)率上升的一部分原因，也就是說，技能勞動者、高校畢業(yè)生與市場需求之間存在供需不匹配。那么，一個有效的解決方法就是擴大職業(yè)培訓，吸引更多學生到職業(yè)院校學習。”他補充說，這既需要學生擇業(yè)觀的轉(zhuǎn)變，也需要政府配套政策的支持。

15On May 1, the revised Vocational Education Law came into force, which clearly states that vocational education in China is equally important as general education, and that China encourages the development of a variety of forms of vocational education, the Xinhua News Agency reported.

16Multiple Chinese manufacturing bases have also announced muscular policies encouraging the innovative development of vocational education.

17“With vocational education set to amass a group of skilled labor, China in the long term will develop a multilayered pool of talent from front-line manufacturing to research and development, building ammunition for driving manufacturing prowess,” Qi said.■

15據(jù)新華社報道，5月1日起，新修訂的職業(yè)教育法正式施行。該法明確提出，在中國，職業(yè)教育是與普通教育具有同等重要地位的教育類型，中國鼓勵發(fā)展多種層次和形式的職業(yè)教育。

16多個中國制造業(yè)基地也發(fā)布了鼓勵職業(yè)教育創(chuàng)新發(fā)展的有力政策。

17“職業(yè)教育將積累大量的技能勞動者，長遠來看，中國將發(fā)展從生產(chǎn)一線到研究開發(fā)的多層次人才儲備，為制造業(yè)實力提升培養(yǎng)生力軍。”祁宇明說。 □