lmplant site development using titanium plate and platelet-rich fibrin for congenitally missed maxillary lateral incisors:A case report

lNTRODUCTlON

Missing maxillary lateral incisors is a common congenital and developmental anomaly that affects the esthetics due to their position on the denture.Patients are offered several treatment options in such cases,including dental implant treatment,orthodontic space closure,or prosthetic rehabilitation.Dental implant treatment is a popular choice because it offers maximum restoration of tooth function and esthetics.Sufficient quality and quantity of alveolar bone and soft tissue are essential at the implant recipient sites,especially in the esthetic zone for this treatment.Most studies indicated that labial bone and soft tissue thickness should exceed 2 mm to ensure the best outcome and esthetics for implants[1].Conversely,an extensive bone and soft tissue deficiency with congenitally absent maxillary lateral incisors poses a challenge for dental implant treatment.

Autologous bone grafting is the gold standard for bone augmentation but not without its limitations,such as low blood supply,unpredictable resorption,and donor site morbidity,contributing to research intensification for suitable alternatives[2].Some studies have reported reconstruction in severe bone deficiency using autologous bone with bone substitute materials in the first procedure to expand the available bone volume and reduce the resorption of autologous bone[3,4].An adequate blood supply is essential in this procedure,and space creation/maintenance is necessary for bone ingrowth.In addition,primary closure is crucial to ensure uneventful healing[5].Nevertheless,perfect primary closure may not always occur,especially with the incidence of soft tissue atrophies due to the congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisors.Platelet-rich fibrin(PRF),a biodegradable autologous biomaterial,promotes angiogenesis and bone and soft tissue regeneration and prevents infection since it contains platelets,growth factors,and leukocytes[6,7].Meanwhile,titanium plate is an advantageous barrier due to its good space-maintaining ability.

In this case report,a procedure was designed to restore a congenitally missing maxilla lateral incisor.First,the labial bone plate was displaced but remained connected to the base bone for bone augmentation using a titanium plate to create/maintain the space.Then,PRF was applied for angiogenesis,bone and soft tissue regeneration,and infection prevention.

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CASE PRESENTATlON

Chief complaints

A 19-year-old girl visited the Department of Oral Implantology with congenitally absent tooth #12.

History of present illness

The clinical examination found that the spacing was in the maxillary anterior region,and tooth #12 was missing.In addition,keratinized gingiva atrophy and alveolar crest absorption were observed in the edentulous space.After consultation with orthodontists,an interdisciplinary treatment plan was drawn up(Figure 1).

History of past illness

The patient denied any swelling and pain after the surgery.Furthermore,the vascularization of soft tissue at the surgery site was visible at the follow-up visit on day 15(Figure 4).Later,implant osseointegration was evident after a healing period of 6 mo.During the second surgery,the area was explored using the same flap design.Upon reopening the surgical site for titanium plate and healing abutment replacement,it was found that the shoulder of the implant was surrounded by bone,and the titanium plate was covered by the new bone(Figure 5A),indicating that the bone defect had completely regenerated.Then,the recipient site was sutured(Figure 5B).After 14 d of gingiva stabilization,the sutures were removed,and a final impression was taken to construct a conventional permanent superstructure for restoration.Subsequently,the definitive restoration was placed(Figure 6).Later,a 1-year follow-up revealed the integration of soft tissue and tooth with the adjacent tooth(Figure 7A-C).Apart from that,CBCT showed that the bone around the implant was stable(Figure 7D).Thus,the patient was satisfied with the esthetic and functional outcomes.

Personal and family history

Family history was unremarkable.

Physical examination

Physical examination revealed no remarkable findings.

Laboratory examinations

Complete blood count and common urine analysis were performed,which showed no abnormalities.

Imaging examinations

In the esthetic zone,sufficient soft tissue is mandatory for successful implant outcomes.Primary closure is vital to ensure uneventful healing and the soft tissue abundance ensures the esthetic results and long-term health of the implant.Some studies suggested that obtaining primary closure through the relaxation of incision or connective tissue free flap may disrupt the blood supply,accompanied by higher surgical complexity[11].Recently,concentrated platelets have been recommended as an efficient strategy for wound healing[12,13].PRF,a second-generation platelet concentrate,contains various growth factors,platelets,and leukocytes[14].The three-dimensional fibrin scaffold of PRF continuously releases growth factors[15]that promote local tissue vascularization and regeneration during wound healing[16].Moreover,PRF plays a crucial role in wound healing as an excellent anti-inflammatory and antibacterial agent[17,18].

FlNAL DlAGNOSlS

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I don t know, Tess replied with her eyes welling up. I just know he s really sick and Mommy says he needs an operation. But my Daddy can t pay for it, so I want to use my money.

TREATMENT

Pre-operatively,the patient rinsed her mouth with 0.12% chlorhexidine solution every 3 min,thrice.Then,two PRF clots were established using the standard protocol(two whole blood samples were collected in two glass-coated 10 mL plastic tubes without anticoagulant and immediately centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min).Subsequently,one PRF clot was mixed with the xenograft bone substitutes,while the other was pressed into the membranes with a sterile dry gauze to cover the bone granulates.Following local anaesthesia,the #12 alveolar ridge crest mucoperiosteum was excised angularly,followed by flap surgery.First,the bone was expanded to form a receptor site for implant using the ridge splitting set(Helmut,Zepf,Germany)without any bone removal.Then,the labial bone plate was displaced carefully,ensuring that its base remained attached.Next,an implant(Nobel replace 3.5 mm ×13 mm)was inserted at the prepared site(Figure 3A),and the bone block was then fixed with a titanium plate to maintain the bone block(Figure 3B),which was grafted with the PRF and xenograft bone substitute mixture(Bio-oss,2.5 g,Geistlich)(Figure 3C).Finally,resorbable and PRF membranes were used to double cover the defect site(Figure 3D and E),and the recipient site was loosely sutured(Figure 3F).

For antibiotic therapy,500 mg azithromycin was prescribed twice daily for 5 d.Additionally,the patient was instructed to avoid chewing in the surgical area and continue using mouthwash with chlorhexidine 0.12% for 10 d.The sutures were removed after 15 d.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

The patient denied any systemic diseases,and her family history was unremarkable.

DlSCUSSlON

In this report,the labial bone plate was first displaced,ensuring that the base of the labial bone plate was attached to the basal bone for blood supply.Afterwards,a titanium plate was placed to fix the labial bone plate and maintain the bone formation space.Then,the bone substitute materials and PRF were mixed to cover the bone defect.Upon reopening of the surgical site for titanium plate removal and replacement of healing abutment,it was found that the implant shoulder was surrounded by bone,and the titanium plate was covered by the new bone,indicating that the bone defect had completely regenerated.In addition,CBCT displayed adequate supporting bone around the implant during the 1-year follow-up,and the labial bone plate exceeded 2 mm.

Dental implant treatment is often selected based on their functional and esthetic outcomes in congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisors with available space.However,insufficient bone and soft tissue become obstacles to successful implant treatment.An adequate supporting bone around the implant is essential for the long-term stability and esthetic results of the implant.Some studies proposed combining autologous bone with bone substitute materials for the reconstruction of severe alveolar ridge defects to reduce autologous bone resorption.Titanium plate effectively prevents connective tissue colonization and has good mechanical strength to maintain the osteogenic space during the alveolar ridge reconstruction[8,9].Meanwhile,Strauss[10]reported that PRF with Bio-Oss had an outstanding ability in promoting osteogenesis due to its abundant growth factors.

Cone-beam computed tomography(CBCT)showed no residual root and other abnormal conditions,although substantial alveolar bone was lost at the edentulous space(buccal bone thickness = 3.0 mm;alveolar crest height = 12.8 mm)(Figure 2).

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In addition,Miron[19]reviewed the effects of PRF on wound healing and highlighted its positive effects on the management of soft tissue.Meanwhile,Cui[20]reported that the PRF membrane without a tight flap closure could achieve excellent soft tissue regeneration.In the present case,bioguide membrane and PRF membrane were utilized to double cover the bone substitute materials without a tight flap closure for mechanical barrier and soft tissue regeneration.The patient denied any swelling and pain after the surgery,which might be attributed to the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity of PRF.Furthermore,at the follow-up on day 15,the vascularization of soft tissue was visible,and excellent gingival contour was obtained when the definitive restoration was placed.On top of that,the 1-year follow-up revealed harmony and stability of the gingival contour.

CONCLUSlON

Bone regeneration and soft tissue management pose challenges for dental implant treatment in congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisors.In the present case,the labial bone plate was displaced but remained connected to the base bone,ensuring blood supply.A titanium plate was used to fix the labial bone plate and maintain the osteogenic space.Meanwhile,the PRF supplied growth factors and leukocytes for bone and soft tissue regeneration.This procedure reduced the surgical complexity besides demonstrating fewer adverse reactions and outstanding esthetic outcomes.

FOOTNOTES

Zhou YM contributed to conceptualization and supervision;Mudalal M contributed to investigation and editing;Zhang TS contributed to investigation and data curation;Ren SC contributed to manuscript reviewing and formal analysis.

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Developmental Plan Project of Science and Technology at Jilin Province,No.20200201302JC.

Informed written consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this report and any accompanying images.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest to disclose.

Tooth #12 congenital absence.

The authors have read the CARE Checklist(2016),and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the CARE Checklist(2016).

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China

Tian-Shou Zhang 0000-0001-9109-6754;Mahmoud Mudalal 0000-0001-5551-6053;Si-Cong Ren 0000-0002-5123-577X;Yan-Min Zhou 0000-0002-4173-6765.

Li X

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Wang TQ

Li X