千年喀山的獨特韻味

文／楊眉 圖／李沐

鮑曼步行街是喀山著名的步行街，兩旁有獨特的建筑和紀念碑。Bauman Street is a famous pedestrian street in Kazan,on both sides of which,there are unique buildings and monuments.

當地人說，他們不屬于東方，也不屬于西方，他們有自己的個性。的確，喀山居住著一半的俄羅斯族，一半的韃靼族。不一樣的民族，不一樣的信仰，卻和睦融洽地生活在一起，一起創造著一個現代化、多元化的城市。

“喀山”在韃靼語中的意思是“大鍋”。大約11世紀初，當時的統治者為了抵御外敵入侵，在山坡上修建了一座木質的城堡關卡，城堡的形狀如同一個倒扣的大鍋，這就是喀山的雛形，城市也因此得名。13世紀，這里建立了幅員遼闊的金帳汗國，后來韃靼貴族脫離金帳汗國建立喀山汗國。1556年，沙皇伊凡雷帝征服了喀山，自此這塊土地納入俄羅斯版圖。千年歷史的積淀，使喀山成為俄羅斯重要的經濟、文化、教育和宗教中心，成為可以與莫斯科、圣彼得堡媲美的城市，它們一同被列為俄羅斯三座A級歷史文化城市。

喀山是俄羅斯最受歡迎的旅游目的地之一，其多樣的建筑群深受游客青睞，斯拉夫式的拱門、羅馬式的尖頂、蒙古包形的圓穹和中國式的雕梁畫棟，還有16至18世紀的古塔和教堂等古跡，雜然紛呈，富有情趣。其中，2000年被聯合國教科文組織列入世界文化遺產名錄的克里姆林宮是獨樹一幟的建筑豐碑。這座幸存的韃靼城堡是世界唯一的一處東正教建筑與伊斯蘭教建筑相互包容、交相輝映、和睦共存的典范。在俄語中，克里姆林是內城之意，即古代俄國城市的中心部分，俄羅斯的莫斯科等多個城市都建有克里姆林宮，它們作為歷史文物保存至今。

在喀山的歷史上，有兩個響亮的名字：俄羅斯文學泰斗列夫·托爾斯泰和革命導師列寧，他們都是從擁有兩百年歷史的喀山聯邦大學走出來的。來到喀山的游客總會循著名人的足跡來到喀山聯邦大學，在數學家羅巴切夫斯基曾經學習過的教室里看一看，在大文學家托爾斯泰萌發靈感的走廊走一走，或者是在列寧曾經學習過的座位上坐一坐……

喀山旅游資源豐富，名勝古跡眾多，人文景觀奇特。隨著“一帶一路”倡議實施以來，喀山在中國游客的心中也火了起來，不僅是中俄紅色旅游項目的目的地之一，也是新絲綢之路上的重要一站，其獨特的地理位置和歷史文化吸引著越來越多的中國游客。

越來越多的中國游客把喀山當作旅游目的地。More and more Chinese tourists take Kazan as their tourist destination.

喀山多樣的建筑群深受游客青睞。The diversified building complexes of Kazan are popular among visitors.

喀山為2018年俄羅斯世界杯比賽舉辦城市之一，中俄球迷在賽場外友好合影。Kazan is one of the cities holding the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia.Chinese and Russian fans took a group photo amicably beside the pitch.

At the junction of central Russia and the Volga River Basin,there is the largest republic in the basin,the Republic of Tatarstan.Its capital Kazan,enjoying an advantageous geographical location,has always been a hub of East-West trade,known as the “Third Capital of Russia”.

In Kazan,half of its residents are Russians,and the other half are Tatars.The people differing in beliefs live together in harmony to jointly create a modernized,vibrant and diversified city.

“Kazan” means “cauldron”in Tartar.Around the early 11th century,the ruler built a wooden castle on the hillside as a defence against foreign invasion.The castle is shaped like an upturned cauldron,which is the prototype of Kazan.Hence,the city got the name.With millennia of historical deposits,Kazan has become an important center of economy,culture,education and religion in Russia.

喀山火車站是歐洲最大的火車站之一，2018年專門開設了免費的世界杯球迷專列。Kazan Train Station is one of Europe’s largest train stations,which specially offered free trains for World Cup fans in 2018.

The surviving Tartar castle is the world’s only model of Orthodox and Muslim buildings ac-commodating each other,adding radiance to each other and coexisting harmoniously.“Kremlin”means inner city in Russian,i.e.,the center of an ancient Russian city.There are Kremlins in many cities of Russia,including Moscow.So far,they are well-preserved as historical relics.

In the history of Kazan,there are two resounding names:Russian literary giant Leo Tolstoy and revolutionary mentor Lenin,who both came from Kazan Federal University (KFU) with its history of two centuries.In Kazan,visitors usually follow the footprints of celebrities to KFU,sit in the classroom where mathematician Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky studied,walk down the corridor where literary giant Tolstoy was inspired,or sit on the seat where Lenin studied...