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根皮層結構和組織化學分化及生理功能研究進展

2021-09-12 09:04:55張霞周存宇李俊凱楊代勤楊朝東
江蘇農業科學 2021年14期
關鍵詞:生態修復

張霞 周存宇 李俊凱 楊代勤 楊朝東

摘要:維管植物根的皮層具內皮層和外皮層,這兩者之間的中間皮層分為內側皮層、外側皮層、厚壁層和皮下層,有的植物缺乏外側皮層、厚壁層和外皮層。皮層具額外細胞分裂、細胞器狀結構、“O”“C”“Φ”狀和均勻增厚或木質化等結構分化。這些皮層結構分化與適應水濕寡營養環境和陸生干旱、附生或氣生環境密切聯系;具有調節和限制離子自由出入的屏障保護功能,并與礦質營養吸收和超聚集重金屬離子功能有關。皮層木質化可能是作物高親和力/高容量礦質養分吸收轉運系統的結構性狀,這可以為作物選育高效利用水和礦質營養的品種提供理論依據,可以為選擇高效修復離子污染環境的植物提供結構特征依據,也為研究入侵植物的入侵機制等生態學問題提供新思路。

關鍵詞:根皮層;皮層分化;生態適應;離子吸收;生態修復

中圖分類號:S184 ? 文獻標志碼: A ?文章編號:1002-1302(2021)14-0033-07

植物群落、種群或表現型及其可塑性在相對較長的時間尺度上與自然環境協同進化,對環境的變化和干擾處于動態變化狀態,根系由胚根發育來的主根和營養體產生的不定根組成,以適應各種特定或者復雜多變的生態環境[1-7]。植物主要依靠根尖及根毛區吸收水和礦質營養,完成個體發育生活史,實現作物耐低磷和低肥增效,減輕農業排放對環境的污染[8-11]。

維管植物(vascular plant)根解剖結構的維管柱(vascular cylinder or stele)、皮層(cortex)、表皮(rhizodermis)和根冠(root cap)由其頂端分生組織分化而來[12-17]。根尖頂端分生組織(root apical meristems)分化發育過程主要有開放型根尖組織(open patterns)、封閉型根尖組織(closed patterns)以及介于這二者之間的過渡類型[15,18-20]。

本文綜述皮層隨物種、生態環境等因素變化,徑向和切向壁具有“O”“Φ”“C”狀和均勻增厚或木質化,細胞器狀結構分化,細胞層數變化,分裂形成新外皮層(exodermis)等結構和組織化學特征;并具機械保護、耐淹沒適應水濕環境、耐鹽脅迫和離子超積累等生理功能,對今后水體和土壤離子污染的生態修復有指導意義[21-30]。關于內皮層、外皮層和通氣組織的結構和生理功能已有綜述報道[17,27-29,31-34],在此就不再贅述。

1 維管植物根尖頂端分生組織分化類型

被子植物根尖頂端分生組織細胞分化發育過程可以分為開放型根尖組織和封閉型根尖組織。開放型根尖組織為祖先類型,即皮層、表皮和根冠之間缺乏明確的界限;封閉型根尖組織即皮層、表皮和根冠之間具有明確的界限[15,18-19]。菖蒲(Acorus calamus)根尖頂端分生組織介于開放型和封閉型根尖組織之間[18]。現存石松類植物根尖頂端分生組織細胞分化發育過程相對于被子植物更為復雜,在石松類植物和莖葉植物類中進化了好幾次,大致分為3種類型,其中2種類型與被子植物的開放型和封閉型有類似構造[20]。根維管柱與表皮之間為薄壁組織皮層,皮層最內側的內皮層(endodermis)和表皮下的外皮層常有凱氏帶、栓質化和木質化特點而被稱為質外體屏障結構(apoplastic barriers),能夠阻礙水和礦質離子自由出入[12-17,35-36]。根據凱氏帶蛋白分子發育證據和組織化學特征,現在認為內皮層和外皮層為獨立的結構單元并行使其相應生理功能[17,37-39]。封閉型根尖組織的皮層組織由共同的原始細胞分裂而來,表皮由獨立的原始細胞分裂而來[15,19,40-42]。

2 皮層的解剖結構和組織化學

以水稻(Oryza sativa)模式植物為例,根據免疫化學和組織化學研究結果,其根皮層從內到外依次為內皮層、鄰近內皮層的內側皮層(inner cortex or peri-endodermal)、鄰近厚壁層的外側皮層(outer cortex)、厚壁層(sclerenchyma ring)和僅1層細胞的外皮層[33,43-49];其木質化厚壁層與菰(Zizania latifolia)類似,而不同于德國鳶尾(Iris germanica)和虉草(Phalaris arundinacea)等的多層細胞外皮層[32-33,50-51]。因物種不同,如擬南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)和壺瓶碎米薺(Cardamine hupingshanensis)只有無凱氏帶分化的皮下層(hypodermis)而無外皮層[17,27,37-38,40-42]。水稻、德國鳶尾、香蒲屬植物(Typha spp.)和玉米(Zea mays)等主根、不定根及次級側根的中間皮層具有1層到數層細胞[48-50,52-55]。因此,本文提出根的皮層,除了明顯分化的內皮層和外皮層,這兩者之間的中間皮層(middle cortex)包含內側皮層、外側皮層、厚壁層和皮下層,或缺乏外側皮層、厚壁層和外皮層[17,25,27,40-42,49]。

3 皮層的結構分化類型

3.1 皮層額外細胞分裂和細胞器狀結構

野艾蒿(Artemisia lavandulaefolia)和藜蒿(A. selengensis)根的皮層細胞繼續分裂擴大通氣組織的體積,并在破壞的外皮層內側形成新的外皮層[24]。水生水杉(Metasequoia glyptostroboides)根的中間皮層細胞繼續分裂擴大通氣組織體積,也有“Φ”狀木質化增厚[28],把野艾蒿、藜蒿和水生水杉根的皮層稱為分裂型皮層(dilated cortex)。龍膽草(Gentiana asclepiadea)根的內、外皮層細胞分裂增加根周徑[56]。但是椴樹(Tilia americana)和水花生(Alternanthera philoxeroides)根的次生韌皮部薄壁細胞分裂擴大根的周徑和通氣組織體積[14,29],把這種分裂方式稱為韌皮部薄壁細胞分裂(dilated parenchyma)。這些根中額外細胞分裂主要是擴大通氣組織的體積,是植物適應和耐水淹的結構特征[17,27-29,31-34,51]。

千里光屬植物Senecio coronatus超聚鎳基因型內側皮層具明顯球形細胞器狀細胞質(organelle-rich cytoplasm),并富含生物堿;而其非超聚鎳基因型內側皮層極少有細胞器狀細胞質,含少量生物堿,外皮層凱氏帶較明顯,推測該結構強烈阻擋鎳離子進入根內[57-58]。

3.2 皮層“O”狀增厚

蕨類植物二歧鹿角蕨(Platycerium bifurcatum)、黑心蕨屬植物Doryopteris triphylla、Pleopeltis macrocarpa等根中內側皮層具有1層或數層纖維素“O”狀增厚的厚壁細胞層,增強了機械強度,可以適應陸生干旱或附生環境[59-67]。伏貼石杉(Lycopodium appressum)和小翠云(Selaginella kraussiana)根內側皮層細胞壁有明顯的“O”狀木質化增厚,外側皮層均勻木質化增厚[60]。

3.3 皮層均勻木質化增厚

水生水花生根皮層明顯均勻木質化,而且黃連素不能透過;陸生水花生根僅有微弱木質化或無木質化[29]。黃花柳(Salix caprea)、簇根類植物(cluster roots)的銀樺(Grevillea robusta)和榮樺屬植物Hakea prostrata根皮層為均勻木質化[68-70]。超聚硒植物壺瓶碎米薺外側皮層和皮下層主要為均勻木質化,兼有少量較小“Φ”狀木質化增厚[27]。鳳梨科根皮層中部和皮下層具木質化厚壁層,而不同于水稻和菰的根只有外皮層為木質化厚壁層[33,43-45,71]。

3.4 皮層“C”狀增厚

南美棯(Feijoa sellowiana)根內側皮層具“C”狀增厚[72]。超積累鋅和鎘山菥蓂屬植物Noccaea caerulescens根內側皮層具富含果膠木質化“C”狀增厚,染料不能透過該結構,與“Φ”狀增厚功能類似;但非超積累鋅和鎘的N. arvense的根缺乏“C”狀增厚;1% 蔗糖溶液可以誘導N. caerulescens根皮層“C”狀增厚[21,30,73-74]。在旱生條件下,楊梅(Myrica rubra)和石榴(Punica granatum)根內側皮層具“C”狀木質化增厚[75-76]。在水淹條件下,洋蒲桃(Syzygium samarangense)根內側皮層具“C”狀木質化增厚[23,77]。

3.5 皮層“Φ”狀木質化增厚

按照Aleamotua 等的觀點,種子植物根皮層“Φ”增厚類型Ⅰ是內側皮層木質化增厚最為普遍的[25],本文認為該類型發生在內側皮層或者外側皮層,“Φ”狀增厚程度由內而外逐漸減小,主要包括一些裸子植物、木欖(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza)、附生蘭科、薔薇科和十字花科植物[22,27,78-88]。附生蘭科植物根皮層富含果膠、木栓質,“Φ”狀木質化增厚有助于水和礦質的吸收、機械支持和保護作用[89]。根“Φ”狀增厚類型Ⅱ是根皮下層木質化增厚,天竺葵(Pelargonium hortorum)根從皮下層向內部皮層細胞壁有由大到小的“Φ”狀木質化增厚[50,78,90-92],并能透過并結合熒光染料cellufluor[92]。根“Φ”狀增厚類型Ⅲ是根皮層中部木質化增厚,見于花生(Arachis hypogaea)、歐洲榿木(Alnus glutinosa)、加拿大黃樺(Betula alleghaniensis)和美洲紅樹(Rhizophora mangle)中[93-97]。

水生水杉根皮層細胞繼續分裂不僅擴大通氣組織體積和其細胞層數,從內皮層外側到外皮層以內細胞壁依次有由大到小的“Φ”狀木質化增厚;而旱生水杉根僅有內側皮層的“Φ”狀木質化增厚[28]。水淹環境誘導云實屬植物Caesalpinia peltophoroides根皮層“Φ”狀木質化增厚,其機械保護能力得到增強[98]。適應陸生的日本柳杉(Cryptomeria japonica),在壓實或者壓實水淹土壤環境中根皮層“Φ”狀木質化增厚程度略減輕和細胞層減少,誘導效果不顯著[82]。

甘藍(Brassica oleracea)和歐洲油菜(Brassica napus)根在瓊脂培養基添加鹽或蔗糖,或者田間栽培環境誘導皮層形成強烈的“Φ”狀木質化增厚,并具有調節和限制離子自由出入的屏障保護功能,是該物種響應水和鹽脅迫的結構基礎[22,75,85,99]。在旱生條件下,枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica)根皮層迅速形成“Φ”狀木質化增厚,可能與響應水分脅迫有關[83,100]。

美堇蘭屬(Miltoniopsis)植物根在去離子水中誘導出現“Φ”狀增厚,但無質外體屏障保護功能;在瓊脂培養基和潮濕土壤中根無“Φ”狀增厚;在有良好排水基質和缺水脅迫時形成“Φ”狀增厚,表明其適應附著氣生環境[26]。此外,玉米在礦渣培養條件下,誘導根表皮“Φ”狀木質化增厚,而在水培和通氣水培條件下則沒有“Φ”狀增厚[101]。

4 皮層木質化組織化學染色法和細胞發育生物學

細胞壁木質化,以往常用鹽酸-間苯三酚對染呈現櫻桃紅色;現在用硫酸氫黃連素-苯胺蘭對染、fluorol yellow-Congo red對染、Fluorol yellow-acridine orange對染、Acridine orange等熒光染料染色,皮層木質化細胞壁與木質部顯色一致,即認為細胞壁木質化[89,91,102-105],同時這些熒光染料也作為離子示蹤劑。因此,筆者認為黃花柳、銀樺和Hakea prostrata根皮層發生了木質化,盡管原文作者沒有指出這一點[68-69]。

附生美堇蘭屬植物皮層生活細胞次生壁“Φ”狀木質化、“Φ”狀增厚形成經歷3個階段,早期微管縱向對齊將增厚的位置,過渡期胼胝質類似微管對齊將要增厚的位置,隨后微管、胼胝質和小麥胚凝集素(wheat germ agglutinin)標記都消失,最后皮層“Φ”狀木質化增厚[22,25,106]。

5 皮層結構分化與適應環境關系

根分裂型皮層的野艾蒿、藜蒿和水生水杉擴大氣腔,同時野艾蒿和藜蒿外側皮層產生新的外皮層保護空氣不外泄;黃花柳和疏花水柏枝皮層均勻木質化;水淹洋蒲桃根呈“C”狀增厚,木欖和水杉水生根具“Φ”狀木質化增厚增強機械強度忍耐水力沖刷,也可能在寡營養水體易于獲得礦質離子,而適應水濕寡營養環境[22-24,28,31,45,70,76,89]。

蕨類植物根皮層呈“O”狀增厚或者發生木質化[60-67];鳳梨科皮層木質化厚壁層[77];南美棯、楊梅和石榴皮層具“C”狀木質化增厚[73,74-75];種子植物根皮層有“Φ”狀木質化增厚類型Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ,如日本柳杉、天竺葵、花生、枇杷以及附生蘭科、薔薇科和十字花科植物[25-27,79,82-83,91,100],增強機械強度適應陸生干旱、附生或氣生環境。

甘藍、歐洲油菜和Caesalpinia peltophoroides在響應水和鹽脅迫下,誘導皮層發生“Φ”狀木質化增厚,具有調節和限制離子自由出入的屏障保護功能[22,30,73,85,98-99]。簇根植物銀樺和Hakea prostrata皮層均勻木質化;附生蘭科植物根皮層的果膠、木栓質和“Φ”狀木質化增厚利于吸收水和礦質離子[68-71,89,107]。

Senecio coronatus超聚鎳基因型的根皮層具球形細胞器狀細胞質和富含生物堿[57-58],超積累鋅和鎘的Noccaea caerulescens根皮層富含果膠和“C”狀木質化增厚[21,30,74,108],超聚硒和鎘的壺瓶碎米薺皮層具“Φ”狀和均勻木質化增厚[27,109-110],推測這些物種皮層結構和組織化學分化可能與其超聚集重金屬離子功能有關[22,30,73,89,108]。此外,十字花科植物蕪青(Brassica rapa)和Stanleya pinnata var. pinnata也有超聚硒功能[111-112]。

著名入侵植物水花生[113-120]易于入侵富營養化水體,并具有較強的去除氮磷和重金屬離子能力,與本土物種競爭中占有明顯優勢,可能是它們根皮層的木質化而使根具有較強的離子吸收能力[22,29-30,71,87,105]。因此,水花生與本土植物相比,根的較強離子吸收能力是其重要入侵機制之一。

6 皮層結構研究展望

研究植物根系及解剖結構特征,明確其適應復雜多變的生態環境,更好服務農業生產和改善生態環境,一是改善作物高效吸收水和礦質營養,減少農業排放對環境的污染,二是高效植物修復土壤重金屬離子污染和水體離子污染。本文主要探討了根皮層結構分化類型與其適應各種環境的關系,皮層木質化具有調節和限制離子自由出入的屏障結構功能,有利于吸收水和礦質營養,超積累重金屬離子及與入侵植物的入侵機制有密切關系。在植物高效修復污染環境實踐中,本文為選擇適合的植物種類及結構特征提供了參考依據,也為研究入侵植物的入侵機制提供新思路。根皮層木質化或許就是作物育種中高親和力/高容量的礦質養分吸收轉運系統的結構性狀,可以實現低肥增效和減少農業污染[1-4,6-9,11,13,17,25,35]。

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