重大突發事件下集權式與分權式國家應急響應模式的比較

帖莉春

【摘? ?要】重大突發事件使政府面臨著極大的挑戰，對政府的管理與領導能力提出了更高的要求。我國是典型的集權式國家，澳大利亞是典型的分權式國家，筆者以2019年澳大利亞山火澳洲政府的舉措與2019新冠肺炎疫情中國政府的舉措為例，對比分析二者的應急響應模式及其主要差異。

【關鍵詞】集權與分權;重大突發事件;應急響應模式;2019澳大利亞山火;2019新型冠狀肺炎

Comparison of centralized and decentralized national emergency response models under major emergencies

（Tie Lichun）

Northwest University for Nationalities， School of Management， Lanzhou City， Gansu Province， 730124

Abstract： Major emergencies make the government is facing a great challenge， the government's management and leadership ability put forward higher requirements. China is a typical centralized country， while Australia is a typical decentralized country. Taking the measures taken by the Australian government in the case of the Australian bushfire in 2019 and the measures taken by the Chinese government in the case of the COVID-19 epidemic in 2019 as an example， the author makes a comparative analysis of their emergency response modes and their main differences.

Key words： centralization and decentralization; Major emergencies; Emergency response mode; Australia's 2019 bushfires; Covid -19.

What is an emergency？ China's Emergency Response Law stipulates that emergencies refer to natural disasters， accidents and disasters， public health events and social security events that occur suddenly and cause or may cause serious social hazards and require emergency response measures. Natural disasters， accidents and disasters， and public health events are classified into four categories according to factors such as the degree of social harm and the scope of impact. They are particularly serious， major， major and general. Major emergencies are at a higher level.

In disaster relief， the vertical allocation of state power has a direct impact on the efficiency of emergency response. Since the 1950s， the structural contradiction between "centralization" and "decentralization" of emergency management has become increasingly severe.

According to Australian law， when a major emergency occurs， no department of the federal government can directly take emergency measures without the consent of the state government， emergency affairs are handled by all levels of government. If the federal government wants to provide assistance， the federal government has the power to provide assistance only after the request is made to the federal government by the state government and approved by the federal attorney general. The assistance measures are implemented by the National Emergency Management Center.

The opinions of local governments are a significant feature of the decentralization model. Local governments have full power， and their ability to respond to sudden disasters has been further improved.

At present， China's emergency management system is based on unified leadership， comprehensive coordination， classified management， graded responsibility and territorial management. According to the relevant laws and regulations of China， the people's government at the county level shall be responsible for the response to emergencies within its administrative region. If two or more people's governments are involved， the responsibility shall be borne by the people's governments at the next higher level than the common administrative regions concerned， or jointly by the people's governments at the next higher level than the relevant administrative regions. After the occurrence of a disaster， the people's government at the county level shall actively organize emergency rescue and disposal work， take immediate measures to control the development of the situation， and immediately report to the people's government at the next higher level， and may go above the next level if necessary."

Only through the government at the higher level， the government at the same level can coordinate with each other， and the command power and rescue resources are uniformly exercised and invoked by the government at the higher level.

The main feature of the centralized model is that higher level government can intervene， whether or not the local government makes a request for assistance.

The trend of bushfire development in Australia and part of the government's initiatives are shown in Figure 1：

According to the data， Australia has a very rich experience in forest fire fighting and very advanced monitoring technology. So why， for a long time， did the federal government do nothing， and the fire department was largely made up of volunteers？

The reasons are shown in Figure 2：

Under its law， the primary responsibility for disaster management rests with state and local governments. The fire not only caused controversy to the Australian government， but also caused irreversible damage to the global ecosystem and serious pollution to the atmospheric environment.

Some measures taken by the Chinese government after the COVID-19 outbreak are shown in Figure 3 below：

We can see that after the outbreak of COVID-19， the Party and the government not only attached great importance to and responded quickly， but also sent a signal to the world in the first time. Our military and medical care have made an indelible contribution to the outbreak. On New Year's Eve， they even went to the epidemic area without telling their families...Chinese governments at all levels work closely together， with each department performing its own duties. The whole country rallied as one to fight the epidemic， which halted the development of the epidemic and bought precious time for the world to fight the epidemic.

Through the above cases， we find out： whether the military command is in the hands of the highest rescue authority; Whether the coordinating body of disaster relief has sufficient authority; The main difference between decentralized nation and centralized national emergency response models is whether the intervention of state power is readily available and must be requested by local authorities.

To sum up， we can draw the conclusion that： in major emergencies， the rescue efficiency of centralized national emergency response mode is better than that of decentralized national emergency response mode， and the standardization and normalization of decentralized rescue procedure is better. However， there is no superior or inferior between the two models in nature.

References：

[1] Emergency Response Law of the People's Republic of China [2007.11.1]

[2] Jing Ke， Tang Liang. A Comparison of Centralized and Decentralized National Emergency Response Models in a Mega Disaster Situation. Science and technology management research. [J] 2015.

[3] The People's Government of Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture： An overview of emergency management in Australia. https：//www.xsbn.gov.cn [2017-08-11]

[4] Jingjing Xu. Australian bushfire， why can't put it out？ San Lian Life Weekly [J] 2020.

[5] MU Xing. Was it a natural or man-made disaster that caused the death of a billion people by the Great Fire of Jupiter and Australia？ Read this planet [J] 2020.

[6] China Anti-epidemic Map （full version） [N] China's Daily 2020.4.15

About the Author：

Tie Lichun （2001.12—）， male， Han nationality， member of the Communist Youth League， from Weinan， Shaanxi. School of Management， Northwest University for Nationalities， Research Field： Public Utilities Management

School address： Northwest University for Nationalities， Xiaguanying Town， Yuzhong County， Lanzhou City， Gansu Province.

School postcode： 730124

Home mailing address; Group 2， Tiejia Village， Guanchi Town， Dali County， Weinan City， Shaanxi Province

Home Zip Code： 715106

Personal contact QQ， WeChat; 2867518713 （the same number for QQ and WeChat）

Personal email： 2867518713@qq.com

Personal contact number： 151170666294 （Lanzhou Mobile， Gansu）? 18191726326 （Shaanxi Weinan Telecom）