人類如何防止自己被機器人取代？

As artificial intelligence becomes both more useful and more widespread， workers everywhere are becoming anxious about how a new age of automation might affect their career prospects.

人工智能越來越有益處，并且廣泛應用，世界各地的從業者開始擔心，自動化的新時代會如何影響自己的職業前景。

A study by Pew Research found that in 10 advanced and emerging economies， most workers expect computers will do much of the work currently done by humans within 50 years. Workers are clearly anxious about the effects on the job market of artificial intelligence and automation.

皮尤研究中心的一項研究發現，在10個發達和新興經濟體國家中，大部分從業者預計，目前很多由人類完成的工作，將在50年內被計算機取代。從業者普遍對人工智能和自動化給就業市場帶來的影響感到擔憂。

Estimates about how much of the workforce could be automated vary from about 9% to 47%. The consultancy McKinsey estimates up to 800 million workers globally could be displaced by robotic automation by 2030. Some jobs will change dramatically， while others will disappear altogether.

關于多少崗位會被自動化取代，預計的情況各不相同，從9%到47%不等。麥肯錫咨詢公司預計，到2030年，全球會有多達8億的工作崗位被機器人代替。一些崗位會發生重大改變，而另一些職位將會徹底消失。

So if automation makes the job market a little like a game of musical chairs， is there a way to make sure youre still employed when the music stops？ Can education help you robot-proof your career？

如果自動化讓就業市場變得像一場搶椅子游戲，有沒有辦法能夠確保音樂停止時，你的工作還在？教育能否防止自己被機器人取代？

Future-proofing your career is less about picking a safe job and more about constantly updating your skills throughout your career， according to Northeastern University president Joseph Aoun， who wrote Robot-Proof： Higher Education in the Age of Artificial Intelligence.

美國的東北大學校長、《防范機器人：人工智能時代的高等教育》的作者約瑟夫·奧恩介紹：要防止工作被機器人取代，就要在職業中不斷更新自己的技能，而不是選擇一份安穩的工作。

He says education needs to change dramatically if workers are to adapt to this new environment. His solution， which he calls humanics， has three basic pillars：

他說，從業者們要適應這種新環境，教育需要大改革。他給出了人類主導學說的解決方案，有三個基本方面——

Technical ability： understanding how machines function and how to interact with them. As both artificial intelligence and robotics become ever more capable， machines will step into roles once monopolized by humans. Some employees wont last， but others will find themselves working with machines， and probably being vastly more productive as a result. Workers with a grounding in coding and engineering principles will be better placed to thrive in this new kind of workplace.

提高技術能力：了解機器的運轉原理，知道如何與機器互動。隨著人工智能和機器人變得愈發強大，機器將進入人類所有的工作中。一些員工要被機器取代，另一些員工要與機器合作，并且效率會因此大大提升。有編程和工程原理基礎技能的從業者更容易在這種新的工作環境中取得成功。

Data discipline： navigating the sea of information thats generated by these machines. Workers will need data literacy to read， analyze and use the almost bottomless troves of information that are increasingly guiding everything from major business decisions to stock picks to purchasing decisions.

掌握數據運用：運用這些機器生成的數據引領工作。從業者需要具備數據知識，才能看懂、分析和利用龐大的信息庫。這些數據逐漸指導一切，不管是重大商業決策、投資股票，還是日常采購。

And the human discipline： which is what we humans can do that machines for the foreseeable future， cannot emulate. Aoun says this includes creativity， cultural agility， empathy and the ability to take information from one context and apply it to another. In educational terms， this means less emphasis on the classroom and a greater emphasis on experiential learning.

增強人類特有優勢：只有人類能夠做到，未來機器也無法模仿的事情。奧恩說，這也就是人類的創造力、文化上的靈活性和同理心，以及在一種情景下獲取信息，并將其運用到另一情景中去的能力。就教育而言，課堂傳授知識性的教育不再那么重要，更重要的是體驗式學習。

The World Economic Forum suggests many white-collar jobs， like accounting， will be at risk from future automation， while the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development （OECD） says low-skilled jobs will be most vulnerable and therell still be a strong correlation between education and income. Either way， skills are becoming outdated faster than ever before.

世界經濟論壇稱，類似會計等很多白領工作，將在未來面臨被自動化取代的風險，但經濟合作與發展組織則認為，低技能工作更容易受到影響，并且教育與收入仍然會密切相關。無論如何，技能更新換代的速度在當今比以往任何時候都快。

“A generation ago， the half-life of a skill was about 26 years， and that was the model for a career. Today， its four and half years and dropping，” says Indranil Roy， the head of the Future of Work Center of Excellence， set up by global consultancy Deloitte.

跨國咨詢公司德勤創立的未來工作卓越中心負責人印德爾紐·羅伊說：“上個年代，一項技能大概能持續26年，也是一項事業的循環模式。如今變成了4年半，并且還在不斷縮短。”

Aoun says the rapid pace of change isnt necessarily a negative， but it does mean youll probably never outgrow homework. It also means universities will need to shift their focus towards lifelong education and training mid-career workers.

奧恩表示，變化速度快不一定是壞事，但這意味著你可能永遠都要學習。同時，大學必須把重點轉向終身教育和對職業中期員工的培訓上。

Perhaps above all， Aoun says humans need to focus on skills that are harder for artificial intelligence to replicate. Specifically， that means taking knowledge from one context or discipline and applying it to another.

更重要的是，奧恩表示，人類必須把重點放在人工智能難以效仿的能力上。具體來說，就是獲取一種情景或學科的知識，并將其應用到另一種情景中去的能力。

“We humans are creative， innovative， entrepreneurial. We are able to interact with other people， work with them， be empathetic. We are able to be culturally agile， work with people with different backgrounds，” He said.

“我們人類有創造能力、創新能力和創業精神。我們能夠與他人互動、合作，有同理心。我們能夠在文化上保持靈活性，能與全球不同背景的人合作。”他說。

Technology is constantly upending our expectations， with change the only certainty. Roy says he is “surprised every day” at the barriers machines are breaking.

科技不斷顛覆我們的預期，變化是唯一可以確定的事。羅伊說，機器打破的障礙“每天都讓他感到驚訝”。

So perhaps its not enough to help workers survive a musical chairs-style job market. Maybe they also need to survive in one where all the chairs are constantly moving.

所以說，只幫助人們在搶椅子游戲這樣的就業市場中生存下來是不夠的。人們可能還需要在一個所有椅子都在不斷移動的就業市場中生存下來。

Word Study

career /k?'r??（r）/ n. 生涯;職業

What made you decide on a career as an editor？

prospect /'pr?spekt/ n. 前景;展望;設想

The prospect of becoming a father filled him with alarm.

vary /'ve?ri/ v. （根據情況）變化，變更，改變

The menu varies with the season.

thrive /θra?v/ v. 繁榮;蓬勃發展

emulate /'emjule?t/ v. （計算機程序等）仿真;模仿

upend /?p'end/ v. 翻倒;倒放;使顛倒

The bicycle lay upended in a ditch.