趙曉東,楊少春,鞠小玉,陳剛強),許濤)
1)中國石油大學(北京)克拉瑪依校區石油學院,新疆克拉瑪依,834000;2)中國石油大學(華東)地球科學與技術學院,山東青島,266580;3)中國石油大學(北京)克拉瑪依校區文理學院,新疆克拉瑪依,834000
內容提要: 通過鑄體薄片、AxioVision圖像分析、巖芯常規分析、地層水測試等方法,在明確了碳酸鹽膠結物類型的基礎上,采用多方法進行了碳酸鹽膠結物含量的測定,探討了準噶爾盆地車排子地區北部沙灣組碳酸鹽膠結物差異性分布控制因素,并揭示了其對儲層物性、油水分布的影響。研究表明,車北地區沙灣組儲層中發育大量的早期碳酸鹽膠結物,不均勻充填部分原生粒間孔,具有強烈的非均質性;在巖芯常規測定碳酸鹽膠結物含量的基礎上,利用多次數、多視域的AxioVision圖像分析補充測定了碳酸鹽膠結物含量,與巖芯常規測定結果對比相對誤差-0.14,彌補了數據點的不足。碳酸鹽膠結物含量平面上具有“北高南低”的差異性分布特征,膠結物形成于封閉性好、水體交替停滯的還原環境中,地層水Ca2+含量的差異決定了碳酸鹽膠結物分布的差異,而地層水Ca2+含量的差異主要受古地貌控制,古高地水體較淺易富集Ca2+是CaCO3沉淀的良好場所,沉積微相在局部井區起到一定的控制作用。碳酸鹽膠結物差異性導致研究區儲層物性具有“雙峰值”特征,并造成了高黏超稠油油藏復雜的油水分布關系。
碳酸鹽膠結物是儲層成巖過程中膠結形成的一種自生礦物(Jos et al., 1986; 鐘大康等,2007),碳酸鹽膠結物的含量、發育的程度對儲層的物性、含油性等有著明顯的影響(Perri et al., 2008;馬永生等,2010;孫海濤等,2010;Li et al., 2014)。有學者在碳酸鹽膠結物的形成機理、富集規律、對儲層質量的影響等方面開展了較為深入的研究。Jansa等(1990)認為鄰近常壓系統的超壓系統以及瀉壓帶有利于碳酸鹽的膠結;王琪等(2010)認為中晚期碳酸鹽膠結物形成主要因為長石類顆粒溶解提供了Ca2+;孫思敏和羅家群(2007)認為碳酸鹽膠結物的富集與泥巖壓實作用、有機質成熟期的酸性孔隙水溶解作用有關;孫致學等(2010)認為碳酸鹽膠結物會堵塞孔隙并在局部形成致密鈣質層;閆燦燦等(2018)進一步研究了碳酸鹽膠結作用對儲層孔隙的定量損失;Ren等(2019)在研究柴達木盆地北緣下侏羅統砂巖儲層時認為碳酸鹽膠結受層序界面控制,層序界面處由于成熟烴源巖酸性流體等流入導致碳酸鹽膠結物溶蝕從而改善儲層質量;姜平等(2020)認為碳酸鹽膠結物受斷裂帶分布及熱流體活動影響,碳酸鹽膠結物在斷裂帶比在凹陷中心更為發育。研究成果豐富,但對于碳酸鹽膠結物分布控制的地質因素的相關研究報道較少。
準噶爾盆地車排子地區北部(以下簡稱車北地區)沙灣組油水分布復雜(趙曉東等,2014;商豐凱等,2020),其控制油水分布的主要原因是碳酸鹽膠結物分布的差異性;有學者已經注意到碳酸鹽膠結物的含量可能與地層水中的Ca2+含量有關(朱子涵等,2011;劉四兵等,2014;溫雅茹等,2015;沈臻歡等,2018),后僅開展了利用地層水中的Ca2+計算碳酸鹽膠結物的含量等工作,但對于控制碳酸鹽膠結物分布根本的地質因素尚未開展研究。其次,碳酸鹽膠結物含量的合理測定也是面臨的主要問題之一,碳酸鹽膠結物的含量一般是通過巖芯常規分析利用巖石碳酸鹽含量測定儀獲取,但這種方法受控于巖芯樣品有限而獲取的數據量不足(Bunch, 2018),在一定程度上影響了碳酸鹽膠結物平面分布的研究。將染色的巖石薄片放置于常規電子顯微鏡和掃描電鏡通常也用來測定膠結物含量(王鈺婷,2018),該方法雖然可以對碳酸鹽膠結物數據點進行補充,但獲取的數據受個人經驗等影響較大,測定效果較差。因此,本論文在碳酸鹽膠結物含量巖芯測定的基礎上,通過AxioVision圖像分析進行碳酸鹽膠結物含量補充測定,彌補了巖芯測定數據點的不足,揭示出研究區碳酸鹽膠結物含量與地層水Ca2+的關系,探討了地層水Ca2+差異分布的控制因素,闡明了控制碳酸鹽膠結物分布的地質因素,進一步明確了碳酸鹽膠結物對儲層物性、油水分布的影響,該認識為該類油藏的勘探開發提供了研究實例和參考依據。


圖1 準噶爾盆地車排子北部地區綜合地質圖Fig. 1 Comprehensive geological map of northern Chepaizi(NCPZ) area, Junggar Basin(a)準噶爾盆地位置圖和車北地區位置圖,車北地區位于準噶爾盆地西部隆起區;(b)車北地區N1構造圖和主要井位分布圖,研究區為近東南傾的單斜構造;(c)車北地區近南北向油藏剖面圖,油藏位于同一套儲層的中部,油水關系復雜。(a) Locations of the Junggar Basin and the NCPZ area. NCPZ area is located at the Western uplift of Junggar basin. (b) Sketch of the NCPZ area and main wells and faults. The structure of study area is a monoclinic with a nearly southeast dip. (c) Reservoirs cross section profile across the research area from North to South. The oil—water relationship is complex, and the same set of connected reservoirs is located in the central part of the structure


圖2 準噶爾盆地車北地區N1碳酸鹽膠結物鏡下特征Fig. 2 Characters of carbonate cements under thin section of N1 in NCPZ area, Junggar Basin(a)排601-21井,490.5 m,碳酸鹽膠結強烈,顆粒之間點接觸、不接觸,單偏光;(b)排601-平192井,602.2 m,碳酸鹽膠結強烈,碎屑顆?!捌 痹谀z結物中,單偏光;(c)排601-4井,510 m,碎屑顆粒未見到明顯的壓裂紋,正交偏光;(d)排611井,491 m,碎屑顆粒未見到明顯的壓裂紋,單偏光。(e)排607井,277.4 m,縮頸狀喉道和片狀、彎片狀喉道,連通性好,鑄體薄片,單偏光;(f) 排602井,526.1 m,不含碳酸鹽膠結物,原生殘余粒間孔發育好,鑄體薄片,單偏光;(g)排611井,491 m,僅在薄片西南部發育碳酸鹽膠結物,原生殘余粒間孔發育較好,鑄體薄片,單偏光;(h)排607井,277.4 m,原生粒間孔被碳酸鹽膠結物充填,原生殘余粒間孔發育中等,鑄體薄片,單偏光;(i)排602井,526.1 m,碳酸鹽膠結強烈,原生粒間孔基本被碳酸鹽膠結物充填,原生殘余粒間孔發育差,見次生粒內溶蝕孔,鑄體薄片,單偏光。PIP—原生孔隙;SIDP—次生孔隙;Cal—碳酸鹽膠結物(a) The Well P602-1, 490.5 m, with strong carbonate cementation, point contact and non-contact between particles, single polarized light; (b) the Well P601-p192, 602.2 m, with strong carbonate cementation, particles “float” in the cement, single polarized light; (c) the Well P601-4, 510 m, No obvious crush cracks are seen in the debris particles, cross polarized light; (d) the Well P611, 491 m, No obvious crush cracks are seen in the debris particles, single polarized; (e) the Well P607, 277.4 m, Constricted throat and flaky and curved throat, good connectivity, casting thin section, single polarized; (f) the Well P602, 526.1 m, without carbonate cements, with well-developed primary residual intergranular pores, casting thin sections, single polarized; (g) the Well P611, 491 m, with well-developed primary residual intergranular pores, carbonate cements developed only in the southwest of thin section, casting thin section, single polarized; (h) the Well P607, 277.4 m, with primary intergranular pores filled by carbonate cements, with moderately developed primary residual intergranular pores, casting thin section, single polarized; (i) the Well P602, 526.1 m, with strong carbonate cementation, the primary intergranular pores are basically filled by carbonate cements, the primary residual intergranular pores are poorly developed, only the secondary intergranular dissolution pores are seen, casting thin section, single polarized. PIP—primary pore; SIDP—secondary dissolution pore; Cal—carbonate cements
車北地區沙灣組儲層碳酸鹽膠結物分布不均,具有較強的非均質性,定量測定碳酸鹽膠結物含量對研究區儲層物性、含油性研究具有重要的意義。巖芯常規分析方法是一種常規的測定方法,在研究區共選取了10口井的120個巖芯樣品通過巖石碳酸鹽含量測定儀進行了含量數據測定,檢測環境室溫20℃、濕度60%,測定工作在中國石化勝利油田地質研究院完成。該方法受控于巖芯樣品導致獲取的數據量有限,因此,為了增加更多的分析數據點,在有限的10口井巖芯常規分析測定的基礎上,利用AxioVision圖像分析,對研究區13口取芯井20張染色的巖石薄片進行碳酸鹽膠結物含量補充測定。測量原理是利用圖像分析軟件的增殖法,通過一遍一遍的掃描薄片,標記具有相同性質的像點,直到將全部區域找全為止,由綠色點所圈定的紅色區域面積為碳酸鹽膠結物所占面積,碳酸鹽膠結物所占面積與整個視域的面積比計為碳酸鹽膠結物含量。對每張鑄體薄片,開展多次數、多視域的碳酸鹽膠結物含量測定,然后通過算術平均計算該鑄體薄片的碳酸鹽膠結物平均含量,該含量為該樣品碳酸鹽膠結物含量。需要說明的是,同一口井同一套儲層若取多個樣品,則該儲層的碳酸鹽膠結物含量為多個樣品的平均值;若該儲層只有一個樣品,則取該樣品的碳酸鹽膠結物含量近似代表該儲層的碳酸鹽膠結物含量。圖3a—e為排611井487 m碳酸鹽膠結物含量的測定過程,分不同視域共測定5次,則該樣品碳酸鹽膠結物含量為28.89%;圖3f—i為排602井526.1 m碳酸鹽膠結物含量測定過程,分不同視域共測定4次,則該樣品碳酸鹽膠結物含量為16.76%。表1為研究區13口井20個樣品的AxioVision圖像分析測定結果。

圖3 準噶爾盆地車北地區N1碳酸鹽膠結物的AxioVision圖像分析測定Fig. 3 Calculation of carbonate cement by AxioVision image analysis of N1 in NCPZ area, Junggar Basin(a)—(e)為排611井487 m碳酸鹽膠結物含量的測定過程,分不同視域共測定5 次,取算術平均值計該樣品碳酸鹽膠結物含量。(a)—(e)視域碳酸鹽膠結物含量分別為27.19%、31.54%、30.75%、28.16%和26.82%,該樣品碳酸鹽膠結物含量為28.89%。(f)—(i)為排602井526.1m碳酸鹽膠結物含量測定過程,分不同視域共測定4次,(f)—(i)視域碳酸鹽膠結物含量分別為19.5%、13.68%、23.51%、10.33%,該樣品碳酸鹽膠結物含量為16.76%(a)—(e) is the determination process of carbonate cements content of sample at 487 m in the Well P611. It was measured 5 times in different visual fields, and the content of carbonate cements in this sample was calculated by the arithmetic mean. The content of carbonate cements in figures (a)—(e) fields are 27.19%, 31.54%, 30.75%, 28.16% and 26.82% respectively, and the average content of carbonate cements in this sample is 28.89%. (f)—(i) is the determination process of carbonate cements of sample at 526.1 m in the Well P602, which was measured 4 times in different fields, the content of carbonate cements in figures (f)—(i) fields are 19.5%, 13.68%, 23.51% and 10.33% respectively, and the average content of carbonate cements in this sample is 16.76%
碳酸鹽膠結物含量具有一定的差異性,以排601-平1井和排611井為例,排601-平1井碳酸鹽膠結物含量較低,一共分6個視域測定,含量3.4%~10.51%,平均值為6.74%;排611井碳酸鹽膠結物含量較高,一共分5個視域測定,含量26.85%~31.54%,平均值28.89%(表1),碳酸鹽膠結物含量的差異顯示著儲層具有強烈的非均質性。為了驗證AxioVision圖像分析測定結果的準確性,選取了4口井同時開展了碳酸鹽膠結物的巖芯常規測定和AxioVision圖像分析測定(表2),通過數據對比,碳酸鹽膠結物含量低的井誤差小,例如排601-4井和排601-平1井,絕對誤差分別為-0.99和-0.97,相對誤差分別為-0.09和-0.13;碳酸鹽膠結物含量高的井誤差稍大,例如排607井和排609井,絕對誤差分別為-2.88和-5.77,相對誤差分別為-0.10和-0.23;總體平均絕對誤差為-2.65,相對誤差為-0.14,誤差較小,表明AxioVision圖像分析測定數據具有一定的準確性,可以有效彌補巖芯常規測定數據的不足,為碳酸鹽膠結物的平面分布奠定了數據基礎。

表1 準噶爾盆地車排子地區北部沙灣組碳酸鹽膠結物AxioVision圖像分析測定結果表(部分樣品)

表2 準噶爾盆地車北地區沙灣組碳酸鹽膠結物的巖芯常規測定和AxioVision圖像分析測定結果對比表


圖4 準噶爾盆地車北地區N1碳酸鹽膠結物含量平面分布圖及部分井巖芯Fig. 4 Distribution of carbonate cement and cores of some wells of N1 in NCPZ area, Junggar Basin(a)碳酸鹽膠結物含量平面分布圖;(b)排610井,位于綠色區域,412.3 m,碳酸鹽膠結物含量24.86%,膠結作用強,不含油;(c)排601-平191井,位于藍色區域,572.5 m,碳酸鹽膠結物含量10.97%,膠結作用弱—中等,含油級別隨碳酸鹽膠結程度差異而呈非均質性;(d)排601井,490.1 m,碳酸鹽膠結物含量3%,膠結作用弱,富含油(a) Distribution of carbonate cements content; (b) the Well P610, located in green area, 412.3 m, carbonate cements content 24.86%, strong cementation, no oil; (c) the Well P601-p191, located in blue area, 572.5 m, carbonate cements content 10.97%, weak to medium cementation, oil-bearing level is heterogeneous with the difference of carbonate cementation; (d) the Well P601, 490.1 m, carbonate cements content 3%, weak cementation, rich in oil


表3 準噶爾盆地車北地區N1地層水性質Table 3 Properties of formation water of N1 in NCPZ area, Junggar Basin


表4 準噶爾盆地車北地區N1地層水主要離子比值表Table 4 Main ion ratio of formation water of N1 in NCPZ area, Junggar Basin
早期碳酸鹽膠結物是由地層水中的Ca2+早期沉淀膠結而形成,此時溫度、壓力接近常溫常壓,當地層水中溶解的碳酸鹽物質達到過飽和時,就可以直


圖5 準噶爾盆地車北地區N1碳酸鹽膠結物含量與Ca2+含量關系圖Fig. 5 Relationship between carbonate cement and Ca2+ of N1 in NCPZ area, Junggar Basin


圖6 準噶爾盆地車北地區N1沉積前古地貌圖Fig. 6 Paleogeomorphology before N1 deposition in NCPZ area, Junggar Basin


圖7 準噶爾盆地車北地區N1儲層巖芯孔隙度、滲透率頻率分布直方圖Fig. 7 Porosity and permeability frequency distribution histograms of N1 reservoir in NCPZ area, Junggar Basin(a)巖芯孔隙度頻率分布直方圖;(b)巖芯滲透率頻率分布直方圖(a) Porosity frequency distribution histogram; (b) permeability frequency distribution histogram

圖8 準噶爾盆地車北地區N1碳酸鹽膠結物含量與孔隙度、滲透率關系圖Fig. 8 Relationship between carbonate cement and porosity and permeability of N1 reservoir in NCPZ area, Junggar Basin

圖9 準噶爾盆地車北地區N1儲層巖芯特征Fig. 9 Characters of cores of N1 reservoir in NCPZ area, Junggar Basin(a)排601-4井,514.1 m,深黑色粗砂巖,巖芯孔隙度44.8%,滲透率7070×10-3 μm2,碳酸鹽膠結物含量10.68%,巖芯松散,含油性好;(b)排601-5井,532.3 m,深褐色含礫砂巖,巖芯孔隙度36%,滲透率4340×10-3 μm2,碳酸鹽膠結物含量7.37%,巖芯松散,含油性好;(c)排601-平1井,488.2 m,深黑色粗砂巖,巖芯孔隙度42.4%,滲透率20300×10-3 μm2,碳酸鹽膠結物含量7.71%,巖芯松散,含油性好;(d)排609井,231.4 m,灰白色含礫砂巖,巖芯6.8%,巖芯滲透率5.22×10-3 μm2,碳酸鹽膠結物含量23.6%,巖芯緊密,含油性差;(e)排605井,407.8 m,灰白色砂礫巖,巖芯孔隙度6.9%,滲透率1.39×10-3 μm2,碳酸鹽膠結物含量32.2%,巖芯緊密,含油性差;(f)排607井,276.6 m,灰白色砂礫巖,巖芯孔隙度3.5%,滲透率0.103×10-3 μm2,碳酸鹽膠結物含量37%,巖芯緊密,含油性差(a) The Well P601-4, 514.1 m, coarse sandstone, porosity 44.8%, permeability 7070×10-3 μm2, carbonate cements content 10.68%, loose, good oil bearing; (b) the Well P601-5, 532.3 m, brown gravelly sandstone, porosity 36%, permeability 4340×10-3μm2, carbonate cements content 7.37%, loose, good oil content; (c) the Well P601p1, 488.2 m, coarse sandstone, porosity 42.4%, permeability 20300×10-3μm2, carbonate cements content 7.71%, loose, good oil content; (d) the Well P609, 231.4 m, gray gravelly sandstone, porosity 6.8%, permeability 5.22×10-3μm2, carbonate cements content 23.6%, tight, poor oil content; (e) the Well P605, 407.8 m, gray sand conglomerate, porosity 6.9%, permeability 1.39×10-3μm2, carbonate cements content 32.2%, tight, poor oil content; (f) the Well P607, 276.6 m, porosity 3.5%, permeability 0.103×10-3μm2, carbonate cements content 37%, tight, poor oil content


表5 準噶爾盆地車北地區N1試油數據與碳酸鹽膠結物含量統計表Table 5 Table of oil test data and carbonate cement content of N1 in NCPZ area, Junggar Basin



