Type A aortic dissection developed after type B dissection with the presentation of shoulder pain: A case report

Xin-Bo Yin, Xiao-Kai Wang, Su Xu, Cai-Yun He

Xin-Bo Yin, Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China

Xin-Bo Yin, Xiao-Kai Wang, Department of Emergency, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China

Su Xu, Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3000, Australia

Cai-Yun He, Faculty of Nursing, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China

Abstract BACKGROUND Aortic dissection (AD) is a life-threatening condition with a high mortality rate without immediate medical attention. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are critical in treating patients with AD. In the emergency department, patients with AD commonly present with classic symptoms of unanticipated severe chest or back pain. However, it is worth noting that atypical symptoms of AD are easily misdiagnosed.CASE SUMMARY A 51-year-old woman was first diagnosed with scapulohumeral periarthritis due to left shoulder pain. After careful examination of her previous medical history and contrast-enhanced computed tomography angiography, the patient was diagnosed with a new type A AD after chronic type B dissection in the ascending aorta. The patient was successfully treated with surgical replacement of the dissected aortic arch and remains in good health.CONCLUSION New retrograde type A AD after chronic type B dissection is relatively rare. It is worth noting that a physician who has a patient with suspected AD should be vigilant. Both patient medical history and imaging tests are crucial for a more precise diagnosis.

Key Words: New type A aortic dissection; Chronic type B aortic dissection; Atypical symptoms; Shoulder pain; Misdiagnosis; Emergency setting; Case report

INTRODUCTION

Aortic dissection (AD) is a severe condition that usually occurs in the emergency department (ED). Once diagnosed, urgent medical management involves reducing blood pressure and the heart rate[1]. Chest or back pain is the most common symptom of AD. Pain is usually described as a tearing or stabbing pain that is projected in the anterior chest or interscapular area. Vasovagal events such as sweating, vomiting, and fainting may also occur. Typical pain tends to be observed by the emergency physician, but painless AD or AD with atypical symptoms might mislead the diagnosis[2]. Here, we report an atypical case of mild left shoulder pain that was finally diagnosed as a new type A AD after a 10-year history of type B AD.

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

A 51-year-old woman presented with mild left shoulder pain.

History of present illness

Shoulder pain started 7 d previously when the patient was walking. No sweating,fatigue, or nausea was reported by the patient. She visited the local hospital and underwent physical examination and a left shoulder X-ray, but with no significant findings. The treating physician suspected possible scapulohumeral periarthritis and discharged the patient with oral analgesics. After taking NSAIDs for three days, her shoulder pain did not improve, and the patient came to our ED for further investigation.

History of past illness

She was diagnosed with AD (Stanford type B) for more than 10 years. However, she did not receive any surgical intervention and only had antihypertensive medications.

Personal and family history

The patient had no remarkable personal and family history.

Physical examination

At the time of admission, physical examination revealed an elevated blood pressure of 139/93 mmHg, heart rate of 78 bpm, and oxygen saturation of 98% in room air. No movement limitation of the left shoulder was observed.

Imaging examinations

Emergent contrast-enhanced computed tomography angiography confirmed the diagnosis of a new type A AD with a sizable false lumen (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Contrast-enhanced computed tomography angiography of the aorta. A: Coronal plane showing an aortic dissection of the aortic arch with a sizeable false lumen; B: 3D reconstruction image of the full-length aorta.

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

New type A AD after type B AD.

TREATMENT

The patient was immediately transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU) for more precise blood pressure control as well as preoperative preparation. The patient was managed surgically with a modified elephant trunk stent-graft one day after hospitalization. She was then transferred back to the ICU to monitor vital signs and postoperative care.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

The patient was discharged in a good general condition after 15 d of hospitalization.

DISCUSSION

This case report describes a rare clinical event due to an untreated type B AD for 10 years ago, which gradually developed into a new type A AD with mild left shoulder pain.

Only a few studies have mentioned shoulder pain as the chief complaint in AD.Uenoet al[3]reported a case of Stanford B-type AD in which the initial complaints were toothache and left shoulder pain[3]. They considered the shoulder pain as a radiation pain, which was related to the communication between the aorta and somatic or pharyngeal nervesviathe autonomic nervous system. The other two AD cases reported that shoulder pain was related to complications from splenic rupture or splenic hamartoma[4,5]. In our case, the etiology of shoulder pain is still unclear. This might be caused by compression of the false lumen to the thorax.

Although there are no literature reports on shoulder pain after new type A AD, the possibility of its occurrence should be considered in the case of a history of type B AD.The phenomenon of new proximal or retrograde dissection progression into the ascending aorta is commonly associated with thoracic endovascular aortic repair(TEVAR) in the descending thoracic aorta. Compared to the estimated occurrence rate of new type A AD (1.3% to 4.0%), it is even more frequent (up to 7%) after TEVAR for type B AD[6]. Studies have shown that it is probably caused by stent-graft-induced iatrogenic aortic injury[7].

In this case, the patient was misdiagnosed as having scapulohumeral periarthritis by a local hospital. We speculated that the patient who had mild left shoulder pain misled the judgment of the physician.

Shoulder pain may mislead the diagnosis of the patient as the most common symptom of AD is a sudden onset of tearing chest or abdominal pain associated with hypertension. An emergency physician can easily recognize the typical symptoms and make the correct diagnosis of AD. However, a wide range of atypical presentations also exists that may prevent the clinical decision, especially in the emergency setting,where approximately one-third of AD patients with chest pain are initially diagnosed as having acute coronary syndrome[2]. In addition, painless AD with atypical presentations, such as fatigue or neurological symptoms, make the diagnosis even more complicated[8]. Avoiding a delay in diagnosis or misdiagnosis will subsequently decrease mortality and morbidity, especially in patients who present with atypical manifestations.

CONCLUSION

The ED physician should be more careful in treating patients with an AD medical history. Furthermore, the necessary imaging tests and detailed medical history are crucial for a more precise diagnosis.