巧用非謂語動詞提升書面表達

四川綿陽中學 付 利

非謂語動詞是英語表達中必不可少的部分。 非謂語動詞包括不定式、動名詞和分詞（過去分詞、現在分詞）。 因為非謂語動詞同時兼有多種詞類的特點，譬如，從結構上看，它具有動詞的典型特點（時態、語態）；從句法功能上看，它具有名詞（主語、賓語、表語、補語）、形容詞（定語、表語、補語）、副詞（狀語）等詞的特點。 所以熟練掌握、準確運用非謂語動詞，對提升我們的書面表達有著很大的幫助。

Step 1 句法喚醒

1. （2020·全國乙卷）With thick glasses,eyes filled with wisdom and a mild nature, Mr Li is a genuine scholar.（過去分詞）

戴著厚厚的眼鏡，眼里充滿了智慧和溫和，李老師是一個真正的學者。

2. （2020·全國甲卷）Founded in 1950,the farm is famous and attractive,covered with a variety of fruit trees and beautiful flowers.（過去分詞）

建于1950年，這個著名且富有吸引力的農場，種植著各種果樹和漂亮的花。

3. （2020·全國丙卷）Since you are an expert at drama, we hope you would help polish our work,making it more interesting with lively lines and richer plots.（現在分詞）

因為你是戲劇方面的專家，我們很希望你幫我們修改劇本，讓劇本更有趣——有精彩的臺詞和更豐富的劇情。

4. （2019·全國乙卷）I'm writingto work as a volunteerfor exhibition activityto be held in your art gallery.（不定式）

我寫信來是想在你的美術館即將要舉辦的展覽活動中當志愿者的。

5. （2019·全國乙卷）Knowing well about traditional Chinese cultureand a good knowledge of English, I'm sure I can do something for the big event.（現在分詞）

因為我熟知中國傳統文化，且精通英語，所以我相信我是能為這個重大活動做點事情的。

6. （2019·全國甲卷）It's necessary for usto practice playing volleyballevery afternoon after school.（不定式）

我們有必要每天下午放學后練習排球。

7. （2019·江蘇卷）Secondly,compared with the boring and monotonous school uniforms,students can opt for their favorite style of traditional costumes.（過去分詞）

其次，和乏味單調的校服相比，學生會選擇他們喜歡的傳統服裝的款式。

8. （2019·全國丙卷）We'll have fun togethersinging, dancing, and playing games.（現在分詞）

我們將一起開心地唱歌、跳舞、玩游戲。

9. （2019·北京卷）After returning home, I shared my experiences with my parents excitedly.（現在分詞）

回到家后，我高興地和父母分享我的體驗。

Step 2 句法提點

一、結構

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否定式：在to前面加not；在V-ing前加not。

二、非謂語動詞的句法功能

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三、非謂語動詞的復合結構：非謂語帶上自己的邏輯主語

1.His not comingto work on time made me a little anxious.

2. It's niceof youto help me.

3. It's necessaryfor usto learn English well.

四、分類講解

（一）不定式

1. 作主語

To learn an art is hard. = Learning an art is hard. = It's hard to learn an art.

2. 作賓語

帶不定式作賓語的動詞通常有：

want、wish、hope、offer、decide、help、learn、ask、refuse、promise、pretend、expect、dare、afford、plan、manage、agree、prepare、determine、long等。

（1）I wish to speak to the manager.

（2）We have decided not to go away after all.

（3）She refused to accept that there was a problem.

see、watch、notice、observe、discover、look at、listen to、hear、have、let、make、sense、feel接不帶to的不定式作賓補。

（1）What he said made me think of my childhood.

（2）Have you seen a plane fly over?

3. 作定語

（1）He is always the first to come to school and the last to leave.

（2）We're looking for a room to put these equipment in.

（3）He's a person pleasant to work with.

（4）The swimming game will be held in the swimming pool to be finished next year.

4. 作目的狀語；和only搭配，通常作結果狀語。

（1）Everyone does regular exercise to keep fit.

（2）He woke up and looked out of the window only to find the world outside completely changed.

5. 作表語

（1）His wish is to become a painter.

（2）When I was young, my dream was to be a garbage collector.

（二）動名詞

1. 作主語

（1）Working in these conditions is not fun but suffering.

（2）It's no use talking to him. You have to talk with the person in charge.

（3）It is fun playing with children.

2. 作賓語

（1）He tried to keep moving.

（2）She regretted not having followed her mother's advice.

（3）The driver had thought he would escape being punished.

常見接動名詞作賓語的單詞和短語有：

admit、advise、avoid、consider、delay、enjoy、finish、include、keep、mind、miss、forbid、suggest、risk、resist、practise等。

can't help doing... 忍不住…… be/get used to doing... 習慣……

get down to doing... 開始認真…… insist on doing... 堅持做……

set about doing... 著手…… object to doing... 反對……

pay attention to doing... 注意…… look forward to doing 盼望……

3. 作表語

（1）Seeing is believing.

（2）His hobby is collecting stamps.

（三）現在分詞

1. 作賓語補足語

（1）He stood there, watching the man making a sugar dragon.

（2）The man left us standing there alone, unable to find any help.

2. 作表語

The competition is quite exciting.

3. 作定語

（1）a reading room, a sleeping car, a washing machine, a walking stick

（2）Shut the machine making the strange noise.

4. 作狀語

（1）Having smoked heavily, he suffered lung cancer.

（2）Not knowing his address, I might as well give him a call.

（3）Having been in prison for many years, he didn't know what was happening around the world.

（4）Don't talk while eating.

（四）過去分詞

1. 作表語

（1）The shop has remained shut for a month.

（2）All of us were moved to tears.

2. 作定語

（1）We only sell used books in our store.

（2）The story written by a student is made into a movie.

（3）The old man, mistreated at home, lived a miserable life.

3. 作狀語

（1）Asked about his family, he kept silent.

（2）Seriously injured, he was sent to hospital immediately.

（3）Once released, the CD became a hit immediately.

（4）Given more time and money, we would have done it better.

4. 作賓語補足語

（1）Please speak to make yourself heard.

（2）The masters have to keep the dogs chained to make sure of safety.

Step 3 單句過手

根據中文提示，完成下列句子。

1. 女孩因為不知道選擇哪所大學，所以在網上查了很多信息。__________（know） which university to attend, the girl looked up lots of information online.

2. 托尼因為沒有被邀請參加聚會，所以很不高興。

Tony was not happy for__________（invite） to take part in the party.

3. 掌握一門外語需要大量的記憶工作。__________（master） a foreign language takes lots of memory work.

4. 市民們對如何解決水污染問題很關心。

The citizens care about how__________（solve） the problem of water pollution.

5. 我討厭和他說話。

I hate__________（talk） to him.

6. 你注意到那個人在玩蛇嗎？

Have you noticed the man__________（play） with a snake?

7. 他看到門被推開了。

He felt the door__________（push） open.

8. 你的工作是擦窗戶。

Your job is__________（clean） the window.

9. 看到小湯米在比賽中跑得這么快，我很吃驚。

I'm__________（surprise） to see little Tommy__________（run） so fast in the game.

10. 他的演講真感人，在場的聽眾都被感動了。

All the audience present were__________by his__________speech. （move）

11. 你要去參加明天舉行的開幕式嗎？

Will you attend the opening ceremony__________（hold） tomorrow?

12. 他參加了昨天舉行的開幕式，感到很激動。

He attended the opening ceremony__________（hold） yesterday, .

13. 你認識那個等在門口的白衣女孩嗎？

Do you know the girl__________（wait） at the gate?

14. 如果問到你，就說什么也不知道。

If__________（ask）, you just say you know nothing about it.

15. 從高處看，這個體育館更漂亮。

__________（see） high above, the gym looks more beautiful.

16. 看看同學們的眼睛，我看到了同樣的興奮。

__________（look） at the eyes of my classmates, I read the same excitement.

17. 說了很多次，他還是犯了同樣的錯誤。

__________(tell) many times, he made the same mistake again.

18. 他感覺被邀請參加晚宴是一件榮耀的事。

He felt it a great honor__________(invite) to dinner.

19. 你可以用肢體語言來表達自己的意思。

You can make yourself__________(understand) by body language.

20. (2019·江蘇卷)李江和蘇華正在討論下個月接待英國學生的時候穿什么。

Li Jiang and Su Hua are discussing__________when__________the British students next month.

21. （2019·江蘇卷）鑒于以上的穿傳統服裝的優點，我們為什么要固執地堅持穿單調的校服呢？

__________, why should we stubbornly insist on wearing the tedious school uniforms?

22. （2018·全國乙卷）首先，我建議你早點到，這樣你就能幫助主人準備餐食。

To begin with, I would like to suggest__________so that you can help the host__________.

23. （2018·北京卷）老實說，在另一個不同文化里讀書掙學位不容易。__________,__________ is never easy.

24. （2018·北京卷）我坐在桌邊，一邊泡茶一邊解釋每一個步驟。

I sat at a table,__________.

25. （2017·全國丙卷）了解到我們校乒乓球隊在計劃招收新隊員，我寫信來邀請你加入。

__________that our school table tennis team is planning__________, I'm writing .

Step 4 語篇活用

Ⅰ. 補全信息

用非謂語動詞的相關知識，完成下列文章。

假定你是李華，你的英國網友Nate上周五發郵件詢問你新學期有什么計劃，但你因故未能及時回復。 請你給他寫一封郵件，內容如下：

1. 未及時回復的原因；

2. 新學期你的計劃。

注意：

1. 詞數100左右；

2. 可以適當增加細節，以使行文連貫。Dear Nate,

How is it going? I am terribly sorry for 1.__________（沒及時回復你的郵件）last Friday. I 2.__________（我上周一直忙于準備一個重要考試）. Consequently,3.__________（我沒有時間查看郵箱）. Please forgive me.

As for my plans, schoolwork is of top priority to me this semester as all the seniors are facing“gaokao”. 4.__________（上課專注、積極向老師請教） would be my major strategies. Meanwhile, 5.__________（為了努力在學習和放松中取得一個平衡）, I 6.__________（計劃每天做一些體育活動，比如游泳、跑步、打籃球）. 7.__________（時間允許的話）, I am hoping that I could take an online class 8.__________（提高英語口語和聽力） on weekends.

Please accept my sincere apology for this 9.__________（延遲的郵件） and I would appreciate it if you could give me some suggestions about 10.__________（怎樣提高英語）.

Best wishes!

Yours sincerely,

Li Hua

Ⅱ. 完整創作

（2020·全國甲卷）上周末，你和同學參加了一次采摘活動。 請你為班級英語角寫一篇短文，介紹這次活動，內容包括：

1. 農場情況；

2. 采摘過程；

3. 個人感受。

注意：

1. 詞數100左右；

2. 題目已為你寫好。

題目：My Weekend