一、同位語
1. 定義
一個名詞(或其他形式)對另一個名詞或代詞進行解釋或補充說明,這個名詞(或其他形式)就是同位語。同位語與被它限定的詞的格式要一致,并常常緊挨在一起。同位語除表示其同位成分的全部意義外,還可以表示部分意義。
2. 同位語的用法
● 單詞作同位語,通常有名詞、代詞、數詞、形容詞,動名詞
This is my friend Harry. (名詞Harry做同位語)
We both come from Hunan. (代詞both作同位語)
People, old and young, took to the streets to watch the parade. (形容詞old and young作同位語)
The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down. (動名詞attacking at night作 plan同位語)
● 短語作同位語
(1) 使用不定式作同位語
He followed the instruction to walk along a certain street where I picked him up. (to walk along...是the instruction的同位語)
(2) 使用介詞短語作同位語
A boy is standing there in the field. (there和in the field就是同位語)
● 從句作同位語:
在主從復合句中,通常跟在某些抽象名詞的后面,對該名詞起解釋說明作用的從句稱為同位語從句。
(1) 抽象名詞常見的有fact, news, idea, truth, hope, problem, information, belief, thought, doubt, promise, question, wish, answer, evidence, report, explanation, suggestion, conclusion等。
(2) 引導同位語從句的連接詞有:that, whether, how, where, when, why等。
① 如同位語從句意義完整,應用that引導同位語從句。(即that 不充當任何成分,只起連接作用,不可省略)
The supreme happiness of life is the conviction that we are loved. 因為深信被愛,所以無上幸福。
I have been left with the knowledge that its better to expect nothing than to give everything and then be disappointed. 我現在從中懂得了這個道理,不抱任何期待比付出努力卻最終失望要好。
The statement by the driver of the vehicle that he did not see the lorry was rejected by the Court. 該車司機說自己沒有看見卡車,但法庭對此并不相信。
② 如同位語從句意義不完整,需增加“是否”的含義,應用whether引導同位語從句。(if不能引導同位語從句)
The question whether we should call in a specialist was answered by the family doctor. 我們是否請專家由家庭醫生來定。
We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy. 我們不是在調查他是否可以信任的問題。
③ 如同位語從句意義不完整,需增加“什么時候”“什么地點”“什么方式”等含義,應用what, when, where, how等詞引導同位語從句。
She asked a question why there was a delay. 她問了發生延誤的原因。
I have no idea what size shoes she wears. 我不知道她穿幾號的鞋。
We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation. 到哪兒去度暑假,這個問題我們還沒有決定。……