Module 4 Which English?

本模塊知識網絡

matter? ?v.

count? ?v.

acquire? ?v.

convey? ?v.

clarify? ?v.

select? ?v.

withdraw? ?v.

reject? ?v.

abuse? ?v.

betray? ?v.

overcome? ?v.

oppose? ?v.

resist? ?v.

classify? ?v.

author? ?n.

ancestor? ?n.

link? ?n.

debate? ?n.

telegraph? ?n.

media? ?n.

revolution? ?n.

telecommunication? ?n.

association? ?n.

dilemma? ?n.

concept? ?n.

tendency? ?n.

significance? ?n.

offence? ?n.

statesman? ?n.

prayer? ?n.

prejudice? ?n.

conflict? ?n.

moral? ?n.

status? ?n.

sex? ?n.

approval? ?n.

curiosity? ?n.

candidate? ?n.

recognisable? ?adj.

unique? ?adj.

bilingual? ?adj.

convinced? ?adj.

splendid? ?adj.

straightforward? ?adj.

ambiguous? ?adj.

explicit? ?adj.

figurative? ?adj.

relevant? ?adj.

absurd? ?adj.

disorganised? ?adj.

vague? ?adj.

clumsy? ?adj.

potential? ?adj.

superior? ?adj.

instantly? ?adv.

furthermore? ?adv.

thus? ?adv.

initially? ?adv.

常用短語

tell... apart

as long as

lie in

in conclusion

let sb down

get down to sth

a huge number of

詞匯短語園地

1. instantly? ?adv.? ?立即，馬上

He has an instantly recognisable face.

他長著一副一眼就能認出來的面孔。

instantly? ?conj.? ?一……就……

Tell me instantly he arrives home.

他一到家就告訴我。

2. count? ?v.? ?很重要;很有價值

His opinions count because of his experience.

因為他有經驗，所以他的意見很重要。

It/That doesnt count.

那不算數/重要。

count on/upon = rely on? ?依賴;依靠;期待;指望

You cant always count on the help from others.

你不能總是指望別人的幫助。

3. debate? ?n.? ?討論;辯論

A fierce debate on the tax cut was going on.

一場圍繞著減稅的辯論正在激烈地進行中。

debate? ?v.? ?討論;爭論

Whether he deserves what has happened to him is open to debate.

他是否罪有應得還有待于討論。

（1） have/hold a debate on/over/about? ?舉行一場關于……的辯論

（2） under debate? ?在討論中

The whole question is still under debate.

整個問題還在討論之中。

（3） debate sth with sb? ?與某人討論某事

（4） debate on/over/about? ?就……辯論

4. acquire? ?v.? ?得到，獲得

She acquired a good knowledge of English by careful study.

她通過認真學習精通了英語。

She has acquired a taste for bananas recently.

她最近開始喜歡吃香蕉了。

辨析：

比較gain，acquire，earn和achieve

（1） gain指“收獲;獲得（有用或必需的東西）”。它可以用于體重、力量的增加，獎學金的獲得，更常用于經驗、知識、教育、滿足等的獲得。

（2） acquire指“購得，得到（尤指昂貴的或難以得到的東西）”;“獲得，掌握（知識、技能等）”。

（3） earn指“取得;賺得”。它通常指通過工作掙錢，也可指得到支持、認同、聲望或尊敬等。

（4） achieve指“得到，獲得”。它多指成就、目標、幸福的取得。

5. convinced? ?adj.? ?確信的，信服的

搭配：

be convinced of sth/that...? ?堅信某事/確信……

I am convinced of her innocence.

我堅信她是無辜的。

I was convinced that we were doing the right thing.

我確信我們做的事情是正確的。

（1） convince? ?v.? ?使相信;使確信

convince sb of sth? ?使某人信服某事

Youll need to convince them of your enthusiasm for the job.

你要使他們相信你渴望得到這份工作。

convince sb to do sth? ?說服/勸說某人做某事

What convinced you to vote for them？

究竟是什么使得你愿意投票給他們？

（2） convincing? ?adj.? 有說服力的;令人信服的

His idea was not convincing. At last I convinced him to change his mind.

他的觀點沒有說服力，最終我說服了他改變主意。

6. convey? ?v.? ?傳達，傳遞

搭配：

convey sth to sb? ?向某人傳達某事

Please convey my apology to your wife.

請向你的妻子轉達我的歉意。

convey? ?v.? ?表達;輸送

I found it hard to convey my feelings in words.

我覺得難以用言語表達我的感情。

A taxi conveyed us to the train station.

出租車將我們載到火車站。

7. betray? ?v.? ?對……不忠;辜負

She felt betrayed when she found out the truth about him.

她發現他的真實情況后，感到受了欺騙。

She betrayed his trust over and over again.

她一次又一次地辜負了他的信任。

betray? ?v.? ?出賣;泄露

He was offered money to betray his colleagues.

有人收買他出賣他的同事。

Keep calm. Dont betray your identity.

沉住氣，可別露餡兒。

betray a secret to sb? ?向某人泄露秘密

betray ones trust? ?辜負某人的信任

betray oneself? ?暴露本來的面目

8. oppose? ?v.? ?反對

搭配：

（1） oppose （doing） sth? ?反對（做）某事

He opposed adopting the new bill at the meeting.

在會議上他反對采納新議案。

He opposed the proposal to build another new church.

他反對建一座新教堂的建議。

（2） be opposed to （doing） sth? ?反對（做）某事

We are opposed to any action that does great harm to the environment.

我們反對任何嚴重破壞環境的行為。

Most company bosses say they are opposed to employees working overtime frequently.

大多數公司老板說，他們反對雇員頻繁加班。

9. resist? ?v.? ?反抗;抵抗

He is in good health; he is able to resist diseases.

他身體健康，能抵抗疾病。

resist還可表示“忍耐;忍住”，常用于否定句。

She could hardly resist laughing.

她忍不住笑起來。

（1） resistance? ?n.? ?反抗;抵抗;抵抗力

make some/no resistance? ?進行/不抵抗

（2） resistant? ?adj.? ?抵抗的;抵制的

be resistant to? ?抵抗……;抵制……

The club is resistant to any form of change.

該俱樂部反對任何形式的變革。

10. approval? ?n.? ?贊許;贊成

She desperately wanted to win her fathers approval.

她急不可待地想贏得她父親的贊同。

approval還可表示“批準，認可”。

I cant agree to anything without my partners approval.

沒有合伙人的認可我什么也不能答應。

with the approval of? ?經……的批準

in approval? ?同意，支持

give （ones） approval? ?給予批準

meet with ones approval? ?得到某人的贊許/認可

11. tell... apart? ?區分開

The twins are very alike. I cant tell them apart.

這對雙胞胎長得太像了，我分不清他們誰是誰。

（1） tell... from...? ?把……和……區分開來

Can you tell Tom from his twin brother？

你能分得出湯姆和他的孿生弟弟嗎？

（2） take... apart/take apart...? ?把……拆開

It is easy to take apart a clock but it is difficult to resemble it.

拆鐘容易，重裝難。

12. as long as? ?只要（引導條件狀語從句）

You can go out to play as long as you stay in the backyard.

只要不出后院，你可以出去玩。

so long as/on condition that...? ?只要……

13. lie in? ?在于

His success lies in his hard work.

他的成功在于勤奮工作。

14. in conclusion? ?總之

In conclusion， I cant thank you enough.

總之，我真是太感謝你了。

reach/draw a conclusion? ?得出結論;下結論

come to/arrive at a conclusion? ?得出結論

15. get down to sth/doing sth? ?開始（做）某事

Lets get down to doing something meaningful.

讓我們做點有意義的事情吧。

get across? ?越過;（使）被了解

get rid of? ?擺脫;處理

get through? ?通過（考試）;接通（電話）

16. let sb down? ?使某人失望

Please come and support me. Dont let me down.

請來支持我，別讓我失望。

let alone? ?不干涉;不管;更不用說

let into? ?讓……進入

let out? ?放走;發出（叫聲等）;泄露（秘密等）

跟蹤導練

閱讀理解

A

Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years， but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers， small， tightly knit （聯系） groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10，000 years ago， when the world had just five to ten million people， they spoke perhaps 12，000 languages between them.

Soon afterwards， many of those people started settling down to become farmers， and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries， trade， industrialisation， the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education， especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades， all have caused many languages to disappear， and dominant languages such as English， Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.

At present， the world has about 6，800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages， often spoken by many people， while hot， wet zones have lots， often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1，000; Africa 2，400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3，200， of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number （中位數） of speakers is a mere 6，000， which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that.

Already well over 400 of the total of 6，800 languages are close to extinction （消亡）， with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick， at random， Busuu in Cameroon （eight remaining speakers）， Chiapaneco in Mexico （150）， Lipan Apache in the United States （two or three） or Wadjigu in Australia （one， with a question-mark）： none of these seems to have much chance of survival.

1. What can we infer about languages in hunter-gatherer times？

A. They developed very fast.

B. They were large in number.

C. They had similar patterns.

D. They were closely connected.

2. What word can best explain the underlined word “dominant” in Paragraph 2？

A. Complex. B. Advanced.

C. Powerful. D. Modern.

3. How many languages are spoken by less than 6，000 people at present？

A. About 6，800. B. About 3，400.

C. About 2，400. D. About 1，200.

4. What does the text mainly tell us？

A. New languages will be created.

B. Geography determines language evolution.

C. Peoples lifestyles are reflected in languages.

D. Human development results in fewer languages.

B

For the last five years， I have been fortunate enough to work on a large vocabulary research project for Cambridge English， the English Vocabulary Profile. Working with Carol Cassidy， we developed a database， containing the words and phrases that learners of English around the world typically know and use. We analyzed a 50-million-word collection of learners writing from Cambridge English exams， but we also looked at the vocabulary taught in best-selling British and American English course books.

We have found that there are some words that are still characteristically British or American. British people have biscuits with their cup of tea or coffee， but Americans have cookies. We have cookies too in Britain， but they are a certain type of biscuits， such as chocolate chip cookies， where the original recipe is American. A British person goes on holiday， while an American takes a vacation; you visit a city center in Britain but go downtown in the US.

A few words have different meanings across the two varieties of English， which could cause some embarrassment： Americans who are wearing pants have their legs covered， but if a British person is dressed only in pants， they are in their underwear （clothes that you wear next to your body under your other clothes）！ And if you need to fill up your car with fuel， you can ask for gas in the US， but you need to buy petrol in Britain， as “gas” is not a liquid in British English.

Overall， though， our research shows that British and American English are still very close to each other. The 10 most common words （the， of， to， and， a， in， that， is， for and I） are the same in both countries， and most of the UKs 5，000 most common words are also in the USAs top 5，000.

5. What can we learn about the project the author worked on？

A. It offers vocabulary courses online.

B. It is based on powerful evidence.

C. It is a study on English exams.

D. It aims to collect new words.

6. What may British people refer to when they say “cookies”？

A. American biscuit recipes. B. Biscuits made in Britain.

C. Tiny chocolate cakes. D. A variety of biscuits.

7. Which sentence is more likely from a British person？

A. My car has run out of liquid.

B. It is great to wear pants for the party.

C. Ill fill my car up with gas immediately.

D. I bought the pants in that shop yesterday.

8. What do the figures in the last paragraph suggest？

A. British and American English are still very similar.

B. The most common English words have changed greatly.

C. Short words are most commonly used in the English language.

D. The differences between British and American English are

obvious.

閱讀七選五

Different Cultures

The cultures of the East and the West really distinguish each other a lot.

The origin of the eastern cultures is mainly from two countries： China and India. Both of the two cultures are developed by rivers—the Yellow River in China and the Hindu River in India.

When the two mother rivers gave birth to the Eastern cultures， another famous culture was brought up on the Mesopotamian Plain—the Mesopotamian Civilization. This civilization later on developed into the cultures of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome.

At the same time， some other differences add to the cultural differences. Take the language system for example. In the East， most languages belong to the pictographic language while the Western languages are mostly based on the Latin system.? But whats more， due to the far distance and the steep areas between the East and the West， the two cultures seldom communicate until recent centuries. So they grew up totally in their own ways with almost no interference from the other.

The differences are everywhere.? But different cultures make the world of 21st century more colorful. The cultural gap should not be the obstacle （障礙） to the civilization of human beings. It ought to be the motivation of our going farther.

A. Let us work together to keep a variety of culture.

B. One important thing is to learn about other cultures.

C. Other causes like human race difference count as well.

D. They affect peoples ways of thinking and their views of the world.

E. And these two are well-known as the base of the European culture.

F. This is because the culture systems are two separate systems on the whole.

G. They helped the two cultures develop for centuries and form their own styles.

1.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 3.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 4.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 5.

完形填空

I spent last summer volunteering at a hospital. It was a gift to? so many amazing people and Id like to share one of these moments. One day， I was called to a room where a（n）? woman was staying. Usually I helped with? who were ready to leave. Instead， she? to go to the gift shop. I got a wheelchair，? her into it， and headed down to the entrance.

When we got there， it wasnt open yet. After a 30-minute ， we entered the gift shop. As I pushed her around， I could see the? in her face as she looked at everything， happy to be out of her room. She? some window decorations， and then saw chocolates.

She asked me to push her in that ， and then I helped her? all the different chocolate arrangements.? she decided on three different boxes.

She told me to write the numbers 1， 2， and 3 on the boxes. She? that the nurses were taking such good care of her， so she? chocolates for each of the three shifts of nurses. As we gave the current shift of nurses their box of chocolate， they? offered some to me before taking some themselves.

There were? all around. Witnessing the old ladys? and getting the opportunity to spend time with someone who got so much joy from life was a? in itself. I have so many more stories， and each person made an impact （影響） on my life. Ive? that health has a way of bringing people together.? is a blessing， and being in a place where health is so? and appreciated is unlike anything else.

1. A. introduce B. meet C. attract D. describe

2. A. elderly B. strange C. important D. famous

3. A. nurses B. kids C. patients D. parents

4. A. drove B. wanted C. failed D. promised

5. A. helped B. led C. showed D. pushed

6. A. ride B. walk C. talk D. wait

7. A. relief B. anxiety C.? joy D. puzzle

8. A. chose B. made C. used D. received

9. A. manner B. case C. direction D. point

10. A. prepare for B. take up C. figure out D. look through

11. A. Suddenly B. Eventually C. Fortunately D. Actually

12. A. explained B. declared C. expected D. imagined

13. A. exchanged B. designed C. tasted D. bought

14. A. in fact B. at random C. in turn D. at ease

15. A. whispers B. smiles C. shouts D. cheers

16. A. kindness B. worry C. decision D. loneliness

17. A. lesson? B. shelter C. gift D. sign

18. A. pretended B. resisted C. predicted D. learned

19. A. Health B. Luck C. Virtue D. Praise

20. A. tested B. valued C. maintained D. promoted

語法填空

Once a manager wanted to test his people about their values of life. He announced that in their folder， there was a PVC pouch （小袋） and in? a seed. When they return， they must put the seed in a pot with good soil and look after it very well. He would hold a? （compete） at the next years seminar and the best plants would be awarded? （suitable）.

Everyone did what was told. And the next year in a big hall， there were hundreds of pots and a great? （vary） of plants—all except one. In this pot was soil，? no plant！ The owner of the pot? （stand） quietly and feeling ashamed of himself.

The manager asked him what had happened and he told him the truth. He planted the seed，? he was given， and did what needed? （do）—but nothing happened.

The general manager declared him the winner！ Everyone? ?（shock）.

It was announced， “Gentlemen！ The seeds I gave you were

（boil） seeds. You planted them and nothing happened！ You acted smartly and used some other seeds. This man was honest about his work and therefore， he did not cheat me or himself！”

1.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 2.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 3.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 4.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 5.

6.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 7.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 8.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 9.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 10.

短文改錯

One day I happened to find chat room on my web， what people were chatting in English. I try to chat with some of them. To my great surprise， I found that the spoken English of some junior students were better than me. I asked them for advice and they told me to practise more on the web. So every day after that I would spend one hour read English after a tape recorder very serious. Day after day I learned from many useful words and expressions. With time gone by， I found that I could even communicate with some college student in English.