白背飛虱成蟲不同翅型的形態測量學比較

楊梅 梁士可 何靜怡

摘要 [目的]了解水稻重要害蟲白背飛虱成蟲長翅型個體和短翅型個體在形態測量學方面的具體差異。[方法]利用Nikon體視顯微鏡操作系統（nikon digital sight DS-QilMC）對白背飛虱長、短翅型成蟲前翅和后翅進行詳細觀察和測量。[結果]短翅型雌蟲的后翅與前翅的比率為0.29±0.03，與長翅型雌、雄成蟲相應的比值（分別為0.83±0.01、0.84±0.02）差異顯著;長翅型雌蟲前翅與短翅型雌蟲前翅的比率為2.11±0.04，后翅的比率為6.21±0.05，兩者差異達顯著水平。此外，還發現短翅型白背飛虱雌成蟲前翅中的橫脈至翅尾長度與前翅長度的比值只有0.231+0.024，明顯小于白背飛虱長翅型雄成蟲和長翅型雌成蟲的比值（0.387+0.012、0.388+0.012），差異達顯著水平。[結論]短翅型雌成蟲的前、后翅并未按同等比例縮小，且短翅型雌成蟲前翅中的橫脈更靠近翅尾。該研究結果將有助于進一步了解稻飛虱翅二型現象的本質。

關鍵詞 白背飛虱;長翅型;短翅型;形態測量學

Abstract [Objective]To understand the morphometric differences between longwinged and shortwinged adults of white back planthopper.[Method]Nikon digital sight DSQilMC was used for the detailed observation and measurement of the forewings and hingwings of the long and shortwinged adults of the white back planthopper.[Result]It was found that the ratio of hindwings to forewings of shortwinged females was 0.29±0.03，which was significantly different from that of longwinged females and males （0.83±0.01，0.84±0.02，respectively）.The ratio of forewings of longwinged females to shortwinged females was 2.11±0.04，while the ratio of hindwings was 6.21±0.05，which reached a significant level.In addition，the ratio of transverse veins wing tail length to forewing length of female shortwinged planthopper was only 0.231+0.024，significantly lower than that of male longwinged planthopper and female longwinged planthopper （0.387+0.012，0.388+0.012，respectively），and the difference reached a significant level.[Conclusion]The forewings and hindwings of the shortwinged female adult were not reduced in the same proportion，and the transverse veins of the forewings of the shortwinged female adult were closer to the wing tail.These results will help to understand the nature of the dimorphism of rice planthopper wings further.

Key words Whitebacked planthopper;Long wing;Short wing;Morphometry

稻飛虱為重要的水稻害蟲，主要包括褐飛虱Nilaparvata lugens、白背飛虱Sogatella furcifera 及灰飛虱Laodelphax striatellus，屬半翅目飛虱科。主要分布在南亞、東南亞、太平洋島嶼及日本、朝鮮和澳大利亞，幾乎遍及我國所有水稻種植區。稻飛虱成蟲具有長翅和短翅二型現象。長翅型成蟲能夠在不良環境條件下進行長距離飛行遷移，從而成功躲避惡劣的環境;短翅型成蟲前翅較短，不超過腹部末端，發育速度快，繁殖力強，能夠充分利用當地食物資源快速擴大種群數量。其長、短翅型比率發生動態是該類害蟲數量預測中的一個重要參數，如能充分了解翅型轉化的機制，將可及時準確地預測預報該蟲的暴發、分析蟲源性質并及時有效地控制其為害，因此對稻飛虱長、短翅型分化的機制進行研究則顯得非常重要，長期以來一直是昆蟲學中的主要研究熱點之一[1-2]。

在基本弄清影響稻飛虱長、短翅型發生比率的主要生態因子后[3-5]，許多學者從神經內分泌的角度探討稻飛虱長、短翅型的調控機理[6-7]。已發現昆蟲體內保幼激素與稻飛虱翅二型現象有關，普遍認為各種生態因子對稻飛虱長、短翅型分化產生影響主要是通過調控蟲體內的保幼激素含量來實現，當保幼激素超過一定域值時，發育為短翅型，若低于一定域值時，則發育為長翅型[6]。也有許多文獻從分子或其他角度對白背飛虱翅二型現象進行了研究[7-13]，其中一個非常重要的成果，就是發現胰島素受體在長、短翅分化中起著關鍵性的作用[14-15]。目前認為參與稻飛虱翅二型分化的調控信號通路主要有保幼激素信號通路、胰島素信號通路和Jun-N-terminal激酶信號通路等[5]。

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