閱讀七選五

四川雙流中學 蔣建平（特級教師）

感知·素養解讀

【考綱解讀】

研讀近幾年的《普通高等學校招生全國統一考試大綱》（英語）內容可知，高考英語閱讀七選五主要考查考生對文章結構、內容以及上下文邏輯關系的理解和掌握，突出考查考生的語用能力：一是考查考生對文章的寫作結構和脈絡層次的理解；二是考查考生對文章事實信息和情節發展的理解；三是考查考生對作者的寫作意圖、態度和觀點的理解等。

探究·專題技巧

【命題特點】

閱讀七選五命題體現了《考試大綱》中關于閱讀理解能力的第五項要求，即“理解文章的基本結構”。命題人從一篇文章中抽出主旨句、過渡句及細節句進行命題，其中從事實細節方面命題的比例較大。

文體特點 體的近 文三 章年 結高構嚴考全謹國、脈卷絡閱清讀晰七、選 層五 次的分明文章、邏體輯裁性大強多，數 便是 于說 考明 生文 在，閱偶讀爾的會基有礎議上論進文行和綜記合敘理文解。。這類文選材特點 社會近 生幾活、年體高育考介全紹國、未卷來閱規讀劃七、選商五務的管題理材、工大作多職貼業近等考內生容生。活，內容與時俱進，主要涉及文化教育、閱讀材料一般是一篇長度為300 詞左右的短文，其中正文為240 詞左右，備選項為60 詞左右。題目形式 七個選項都與短文相關，選項多為完整的句子，句型不一，長短不同，七個備選項通常由短到長排列。依據挖空位置，可將5 個題目分為段首題、段中題和段尾題；依據句子在文中的作用，可分為設題方式 “主旨概括句（涉及文章整體內容）”、“過渡句（反映文章結構）”和“細節注釋句（反映上下文的邏輯關系）”三個類型。

【解題策略】

一、看圖表

二、兩判斷

1.通過設題位置判斷。

（1）段首設空一般找能概括本文中心意思的選項。

（2）段尾設空一般找能總結歸納該段的選項。

2.根據語境線索判斷。語境線索主要指反映上下文關系的銜接手段,如篇章結構、詞匯復現、同現、邏輯、連接、指代、同構等。

（1）“詞匯復現”是為了保證文章前后銜接而經常使用的一種寫作手段，即作者在文章上下文不同的位置對同一概念進行重復描述。詞匯復現主要是指原詞復現、同源詞復現、同義詞復現、近義詞復現、反義詞復現等。通過尋找復現詞匯可迅速確定答案。

（2）“同現”是指跟此詞匯相關或同一領域的詞匯在文章中同時出現，達到語義銜接的目的。考生可以在選項中找到與此詞匯最接近的詞，從而快而準地確定答案。一般來說，上下文中詞匯聯系越接近，上下文的銜接關系就越緊密。

（3）“邏輯”是指事物之間存在的必然的關系,包括時間先后關系、空間位置關系、因果關系、歸納總結關系、總分關系等。

（4）“連接”是指用連接語表明上下文之間的邏輯關系,如and,however,therefore,as a result,thus,hence,in short,to sum up,in a word 等。

（5）“指代”是指用代詞代替前文提到過的人物、事件、物品等,如it,he,she,they 等。

（6）“同構”是指上下文使用同一結構或類似的句子。

【考題調研】

1.（2018·全 國 丙 卷）Before there was the written word,there was the language of dance.Dance expresses love and hate,joy and sorrow,life and death,and everything else in between.

36We dance from Florida to Alaska,from north to south and sea to sea.We dance at weddings,birthdays,office parties and just to fill the time.

“I adore dancing,”says Lester Bridges,the owner of a dance studio in Iowa. “I can't imagine doing anything else with my life.”Bridges runs dance classes for all ages.“Teaching dance is wonderful.37It's great to watch them.For many of them,it's a way of meeting people and having a social life.”

38“I can tell you about one young couple,”says Bridges. “They're learning to do traditional dances.They arrive at the class in low spirits and they leave with a smile.39”

So，do we dance in order to make ourselves feel better, calmer, healthier? Andrea Hillier says,“Dance,like the pattern of a beating heart,is life.Even after all these years,I want to get better and better.40I find it hard to stop!Dancing reminds me I'm alive.”

A.So why do we dance?

B.Dance in the U.S.is everywhere.

C.If you like dancing outdoors,come to America.

D.My older students say it makes them feel young.

E.I keep practicing even when I'm extremely tired.

F.Dancing seems to change their feeling completely.

G.They stayed up all night long singing and dancing.

【答案】36.B 37.D 38.A 39.F 40.E

【答案解析】

36.可用關聯邏輯法解題。根據空后的句子“We dance from Florida to Alaska,from north to south and sea to sea.We dance at weddings,birthdays, office parties and just to fill the time.”可知，舞蹈在美國到處都有，故選項B 符合語境。

37.可用詞匯鎖定法解題。D 項中的them指代My older students。空后的兩個them 也指代My older students。

38. 可用關聯邏輯法解題。 由本段中的“They arrive at the class in low spirits and they leave with a smile.”可知，跳舞可以讓原本情緒低落的他們變得開心，故A 項（那么我們為什么跳舞呢？）符合語境。

39.可用關聯邏輯法解題。 由上句“They arrive at the class in low spirits and they leave with a smile.”可知，他們跳完舞后，精神狀態發生了很大的變化，故F 項（舞蹈似乎完全改變了他們的心情。）符合語境。

40. 可用關聯邏輯法解題。 由空后的“I find it hard to stop！”可知E 項（我即使在極其疲憊的時候，也堅持練習。）符合語境。

2.（2019·全國乙卷)

Is Fresh Air Really Good for You?

We all grew up hearing people tell us to“go out and get some fresh air.”36According to recent studies,the answer is a big YES,if the air quality in your camping area is good.

37If the air you're breathing is clean—which it would be if you're away from the smog of cities—then the air is filled with lifegiving,energizing oxygen.If you exercise out of doors, your body will learn to breathe more deeply,allowing even more oxygen to get to your muscles(肌肉)and your brain.

Recently,people have begun studying the connection between the natural world and healing (治愈).38In these places patients can go to be near nature during their recovery.It turns out that just looking at green,growing things can reduce stress,lower blood pressure,and put people into a better mood（情緒）.Greenery is good for us.Hospital patients who see tree branches out their window are likely to recover at a faster rate than patients who see buildings or sky instead.39It gives us a great feeling of peace.

40While the sun's rays can age and harm our skin,they also give us beneficial Vitamin D.To make sure you get enough Vitamin D—but still protect your skin—put on sunscreen right as you head outside.It takes sunscreen about fifteen minutes to start working,and that's plenty of time for your skin to absorb a day's worth of Vitamin D.

A.Fresh air cleans our lungs.

B.So what are you waiting for?

C.Being in nature refreshes us.

D.Another side benefit of getting fresh air is sunlight.

E.But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said?

F.Just as importantly,we tend to associate fresh air with health care.

G.All across the country,recovery centers have begun building Healing Gardens.

【答案】36.E 37.A 38.G 39.C 40.D

【答案解析】

36.根據本段第一句話“人們總是讓我們出去呼吸新鮮空氣”和空后一句“回答是肯定的”可知，此處應填入一個一般疑問句，即“新鮮空氣果真如媽媽總說的那樣好嗎？”

37. 文章開頭講述了新鮮空氣對人有好處，那接下來應該介紹具體的好處。空白處應是本段的總起句。通過閱讀本段后面部分可知，本段主要講述了遠離城市霧霾，到大自然中呼吸新鮮空氣給人體帶來的好處。而對人體呼吸和氧氣供應有影響的器官，就是肺。只有肺里清潔，呼吸才能暢通無阻，才能讓人充滿活力。由此推斷，選項A 更符合常識以及本段大意。

38.本段空后提到In these places 可知，空處應該是某個地點。此外，本段第一句提到研究人員在研究自然環境和疾病痊愈之間的關系，那么緊接著應該要建立這種接近自然的康復中心，因此選G。

39.從本段的In these places 一直到此空前，作者描述了接近大自然的患者康復更快，再結合此空后“這給了我們平和寧靜”可知，此處應為總結句，描述大自然的作用，因此選C。

40.該空后一句提到，盡管太陽光線會使人的皮膚老化、受損，但也能提供有益人體的維生素D。由此可知，空處應該與太陽光線有關，因此選D。

【高頻考點】

考點1：問題設在段首

1.通常是段落主題句

假如問題出現在段首，那么它通常是段落主題句。認真閱讀后文內容，根據段落一致性原則，查找同義詞或其他相關的詞，推斷出主題句。

2.與后文之間是并列、轉折、因果關系等

著重閱讀后文第一、二句，鎖定線索信息詞，然后在選項中查找相關特征詞，通常正確答案與空后的第一句在意思上是緊密銜接的，因此這兩句之間會有某種形式的銜接手段。

3.可能是段落間的過渡句

這時要瞻前顧后找啟示，即閱讀上一段結尾部分，通常正確答案與上一段結尾能有機地銜接起來，并結合下一段內容，看所選的答案是否能將兩段內容連貫起來。

【試題調研】

（2018·全國乙卷）...But good news is that there're really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home: the small ones, the medium ones, and the large ones.

38.They're the little spots of color like throw pillows,mirrors and baskets that most of us use to add visual interest to our rooms.Less tiring than painting your walls and less expensive than buying a colorful sofa, small color choices bring with them the significant benefit of being easily changeable.

Medium color choices are generally furniture pieces such as sofas,dinner tables or bookshelves...

The large color decisions in your rooms concern the walls,ceilings,and floors...

D.Small color choices are the ones we're most familiar with

E.It's not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces

【答案解析】D。本空是一個主題句。上一段提到了由“小、中、大”三種規模物品的顏色選擇，而下文依次講述的是“中、大”兩種規模物品的顏色選擇，故本段介紹的是“小規模物品的顏色選擇”，所以D 項為本段的主題句。

考點2：問題設在段尾

1.通常是結論，概括性語句

注意在選項中查找表示結果、結論、總結等的信息詞，如therefore、as a result、thus、hence、in short、to sum up、to conclude、in a word 等 詞語，選項中也可發現前文的同義詞句。

2.與前文之間是轉折或對比關系

此時要注意在選項中查找表示轉折、對比的關聯詞，同時注意選項中所講內容是否與前文在同一主題上形成轉折、對比關系。

3.與前文之間是并列或遞進關系

在這種情況下，通常是該段落要求補全說明本段主題的其他細節。因此，根據段落一致性原則，在原文和選項中找到相關的特征詞。通常選項中會出現表示并列或遞進關系的關聯詞或與前文類似的句式結構，或出現同義詞等其他線索。

4.所選答案是引出下一段的內容

如果在選項中找不出與前文之間的關聯，此時可考慮與下一段開頭是否有一定的銜接。認真閱讀下一段開頭幾句，看是否與正確選項緊密銜接。

5.如果第一段的段尾是空白， 要認真閱讀，看此處是細節還是全文主題。

通常文章第一段要提出文章的主題，如果在段尾提出主題，會用一些信息詞，如轉折詞引出來，正確答案應有這樣的特征詞。

【試題調研】

（2017·全國 乙 卷）If anyone had told me three years ago that I would be spending most of my weekends camping,I would have laughed heartily.Campers,in my eyes,were people who enjoyed insect bites,ill-cooked meals,and uncomfortable sleeping bags.They had nothing in common with me.36

The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer...

B.Things are going to be improved.

D.I was to learn a lot about camping since then,however.

【答案解析】D。本題為段尾題。空前一句說“他們與我沒有共同之處”，空后一段講述了作者的一次野營，前后之間存在轉折關系，所以此處需要填一個承上啟下的轉折句，這與D 項中的however 相呼應。

考點3：問題設在段中

如果問題設在段中，則通常從語境和邏輯兩方面設題，或設空在上下文有密切關系的句子中。這通常考查過渡句和細節注釋句，注意所選選項要在語境方面與原文無縫銜接。要學會分析一個段落內部的層次，也就是語篇層次。段落之間的發展靠句際間意義的結合，以及句際間的關聯詞、邏輯性插入語來連接。做題時要特別注意體現時間、原因、方式、轉折等邏輯關系的語篇標志詞（關聯詞）。

【試題調研】

（2017·全國乙卷）The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer.37We slept in a tent,cooked over an open fire,and walked a long distance to take the shower and use the bathroom. This brief visit with Mother Nature cost me two days off from work,recovering from a bad case of sunburn and the doctor's bill for my son's food poisoning.

B.Things are going to be improved.

C.The trip they took me on was a rough one.

【答案解析】C。此題設在段中，考查細節注釋句。根據下文可知，這次野營活動從住宿、飲食到洗澡都很艱苦，故選C 項，對下文進行注釋、概括。