
[摘要] 目的 探討載脂蛋白D (Apo D)對多巴胺能神經元保護作用。方法 首先觀察25~500 μmol/L的1-甲基-4-苯基吡啶陽離子(MPP+)對MES23.5細胞存活率的影響,確定最佳造模濃度;在此基礎上觀察2~32 nmol/L Apo D預處理對200 μmol/L的MPP+誘導的MES23.5細胞存活率的影響。結果 與MPP+處理組相比,8 nmol/L Apo D預處理可明顯拮抗MPP+誘導的MES23.5細胞存活率的降低,差異有顯著性(F=85.06,Plt;0.01)。結論 外源性Apo D可拮抗多巴胺能神經元損傷并發揮其保護作用,這為PD的防治提供新的思路。
[關鍵詞] 帕金森病;載脂蛋白D類;多巴胺能神經元
[中圖分類號] R742.5 "[文獻標志碼] A "[文章編號] 2096-5532(2020)02-0140-03
doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2020.56.093 [開放科學(資源服務)標識碼(OSID)]
[網絡出版] http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/37.1517.R.20200519.1433.005.html;2020-05-20 08:59
[ABSTRACT] Objective To investigate the protective effect of apolipoprotein D (Apo D) on dopaminergic neurons. Methods First, the effect of 25-500 μmol/L 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridiniumion (MPP+) on the survival rate of MES23.5 cells was observed to find the optimal modeling concentration. Then on this basis, the effect of 2-32 nmol/L Apo D pre-treatment on the survival rate of MES23.5 cells induced by 200 μmol/L MPP+ was observed. "Results Compared with the MPP+ treatment group, 8 nmol/L Apo D pre-treatment could significantly antagonize MPP+-induced decrease in the survival rate of MES23.5 cells (F=85.06,Plt;0.01). "Conclusion Exogenous Apo D can antagonize dopaminergic neuronal injury and exert a protective effect, which provides new ideas for the prevention and treatment of Parkinson’s disease.
[KEY WORDS] Parkinson disease; apolipoproteins D; dopaminergic neurons
帕金森病(PD)是一種多發于中老年人中樞神經系統的退行性疾病,主要臨床癥狀為靜止性震顫、肌僵直、運動遲緩和姿勢反射性障礙等[1-2]。PD的主要病理特征是中腦黑質(SN)多巴胺能神經元選擇性缺失,殘存的神經元內出現以α-突觸核蛋白(α-Syn)異常聚集為主形成的路易小體(LBs)[3-4]。PD的病因尚未明確,與氧化應激、自由基形成、金屬動態平衡和線粒體功能障礙相關的機制都有涉及[5]。最近的研究表明,PD轉基因小鼠大腦膽固醇水平升高,而載脂蛋白參與膽固醇穩態的維持,載脂蛋白與PD之間可能存在聯系[6-8]。載脂蛋白D(Apo D)是載脂蛋白家族的成員之一[9],在中樞神經系統中,Apo D主要由星形膠質細胞和少突膠質細胞產生和分泌,為在衰老的大腦、神經退行性疾病和精神疾病中始終過量表達的少數基因之一[10-11]。研究表明,轉基因小鼠Apo D過表達導致其對氧化應激的抗性增強[12-15]。相反,小鼠、植物和果蠅中的Apo D失活導致氧化抗性降低,從而降低其存活率[13,16-19]。那么,Apo D對PD病理細胞模型是否具有保護作用呢?本研究探討Apo D對多巴胺能神經元的作用,以期為PD的防治提供新的思路。
1 材料與方法
1.1 細胞培養
將MES23.5細胞在含有體積分數0.05的胎牛血清和100 kU/L青霉素和鏈霉素的DMEM-F12(Gibco,USA)培養液中培養。細胞以1×105/cm2的密度接種在平板中,生長到70%~80%融合度,將細胞分為4組。①對照組:與ddH2O預孵育48 h;②MPP+處理組:與ddH2O預孵育24 h,然后加入200 μmol/L MPP+孵育24 h;③Apo D處理組:與2~32 nmol/L Apo D(Biovendor,USA)共孵育48 h;④Apo D-MPP+組:與2~32 nmol/L ApoD預孵育24 h,然后與200 μmol/L MPP+孵育24 h。
1.2 細胞活力測定
應用3-(4,5-二甲基噻唑-2)-2,5-二苯基四氮唑溴鹽(MTT)測定法測定細胞活力。各組細胞經處理后,將培養基換成最終濃度為5 g/L的MTT溶液,37 ℃條件下放置4 h。棄去培養基,向各孔加入100 μL DMSO,于搖床震蕩10 min至晶體完全溶解,使用酶標儀(Molecular Device,USA)分別檢測494 nm和630 nm波長處吸光度(A)值,計算各組細胞存活率。細胞存活率=實驗組吸光度均值(A494-A630)/陰性對照組吸光度均值(A494-A630)×100%。
1.3 統計學方法
應用SPSS 17.0統計軟件進行數據處理,符合正態分布的計量資料結果以±s表示。多組均數的比較采用單因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA),繼以 Tukey方法進行兩兩均數間的比較。Plt;0.05表示差異有統計學意義。
2 結 "果
2.1 不同濃度MPP+誘導的MES23.5細胞存活率比較
MES23.5細胞經25~500 μmol/L的MPP+預處理24 h后,MTT法檢測細胞活力結果見表1。與對照組比較,25~500 μmol/L MPP+處理組細胞存活率降低(F=52.90,Plt;0.001),其中200 μmol/L處理組細胞的存活率降低了34.6%(Plt;0.001)。考慮到200 μmol/L MPP+是引起細胞損傷的最低濃度,因此選擇將其用于后續實驗。
2.2 Apo D處理對MPP+誘導的MES23.5細胞存活率降低的影響
使用2~32 nmol/L濃度范圍的Apo D預處理24 h,可以拮抗MPP+誘導的細胞毒性(F=13.20,Plt;0.001),并在8 nmol/L發揮其最大的保護作用(Plt;0.01)。見表2。不同濃度的Apo D處理沒有產生細胞毒性作用(F=4.06,Plt;0.001)。見表3。因此,Apo D預處理對MPP+處理的MES23.5細胞具有保護作用。
3 討 "論
有研究顯示,Apo D在神經退行性疾病中上調,延長了壽命并增加了果蠅的抗逆性[14]。PD病人的SN中Apo D也增加[20],這意味著PD病人腦中Apo D與PD有關。Apo D可自由通過血-腦脊液屏障。有研究顯示,2、4、8 nmol/L Apo D可拮抗PQ處理的原代星形膠質細胞存活率的降低[12]。那么,外源給予Apo D對多巴胺能神經元是否發揮保護作用呢?本研究結果顯示,Apo D預孵育可以拮抗MPP+誘導的MES23.5細胞存活率的降低,說明Apo D對多巴胺能神經元具有保護作用;其保護作用與濃度有關,以8 nmol/L濃度保護作用最大。而單獨給予不同濃度Apo D處理MES23.5細胞的存活率沒有變化,說明外源性使用Apo D對細胞沒有毒性作用。因此,推測臨床使用Apo D應該是安全的,這為Apo D的臨床應用提供了基礎。
MPP+可以通過多巴胺再攝取系統進入細胞,并抑制線粒體呼吸鏈的復合體Ⅰ產生氧化應激,線粒體功能障礙和氧化應激引起的多巴胺能神經元變性是PD的重要特征[21]。研究表明,Apo D在轉基因小鼠中的過度表達可使其對氧化應激的抗性增強[12]。由此我們推測, Apo D對多巴胺能神經元的保護作用可能與其抗氧化應激有關。
總之,Apo D對MPP+誘導的細胞毒性具有拮抗作用,從而保護多巴胺能神經元免受氧化應激的損傷,Apo D可能對PD的治療具有臨床意義。
[參考文獻]
[1] ELKOUZI A. VEDAM-MAI V, EISINGER R S. Emerging therapies in Parkinson disease-repurposed drugs and new approaches[J]. Natural Review Neurology, 2019,15(4):204-223.
[2] OPARA J, MALECKI A, MALECKA E, et al. Motor assessment in Parkinson’s disease[J]. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine: AAEM, 2017,24(3):411-415.
[3] CHEN Bingbing, WEN Xiaoming, JIANG Hong, et al. Inte-ractions between iron and alpha-synuclein pathology in Parkinson’s disease [J]. Free Radical biology and Medicine, 2019,141:253-260.
[4] FU H J, HARDY J, DUFF K. Selective vulnerability in neurodegenerative diseases [J]. Nature neuroscience, 2018,21(10):1350-1358.
[5] SHEIKH S, SAFIA, HAQUE E, et al. Neurodegenerative diseases: multifactorial conformational diseases and their the-rapeutic interventions [J]. Journal of Neurodegenerative Diseases, 2013, 2013:563481.
[6] VARKEY J, ISAS J M, MIZUNO N, et al. Membrane curvature induction and tubulation are common features of synuc-leins and apolipoproteins[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2010,285(42):32486-32493.
[7] EMAMZADEH F N. Role of apolipoproteins and alpha-Synuclein in Parkinson’s disease[J]. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience, 2017,62(3/4):344-355.
[8] KOOB A O, UBHI K, PAULSSON J F, et al. Lovastatin ameliorates alpha-synuclein accumulation and oxidation in transgenic mouse models of alpha-synucleinopathies[J]. Experimental Neurology, 2010,221(2):267-274.
[9] RASSART E, BEDIRIAN A, DO CARMO S, et al. Apolipoprotein D[J]. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 2000,1482(1/2):185-198.
[10] DASSATI S, WALDNER A, SCHWEIGREITER R. Apolipoprotein D takes center stage in the stress response of the aging and degenerative brain[J]. Neurobiology of Aging, 2014,35(7):1632-1642.
[11] MANGANO E N, HAYLEY S. Inflammatory priming of the substantia nigra influences the impact of later paraquat exposure: neuroimmune sensitization of neurodegeneration[J]. Neurobiology of Aging, 2009,30(9):1361-1378.
[12] BAJO-GRANERAS R, GANFORNINA M D, MARTINTEJEDOR E, et al. Apolipoprotein D mediates autocrine protection of astrocytes and controls their reactivity level, contributing to the functional maintenance of Paraquat-Challenged dopaminergic systems[J]. Glia, 2011,59(10):1551-1566.
[13] CHARRON J B, OUELLET F, HOUDE M, et al. The plant apolipoprotein D ortholog protects arabidopsis against oxidative stress [J]. BMC Plant Biology, 2008,8:86.
[14] MUFFAT J. WALKER D W, BENZER S. Human Apo D, an apolipoprotein up-regulated in neurodegenerative diseases, extends lifespan and increases stress resistance in drosophila[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2008,105(19):7088-7093.
[15] DO CARMO S, JACOMY H, TALBOT P J, et al. Neuroprotective effect of apolipoprotein D against human coronavirus OC43-induced encephalitis in mice[J]. Journal of Neuroscience, 2008,28(41):10330-10338.
[16] GANFORNINA M D, DO CARMO S, MARTINEZ E, et al. Apo D, a Glia-Derived apolipoprotein, is required for periphe-ral nerve functional integrity and a timely response to injury[J]. Glia, 2010,58(11):1320-1334.
[17] GANFORNINA M D, DO CARMO S, LORA J M, et al. Apolipoprotein D is involved in the mechanisms regulating protection from oxidative stress[J]. Aging Cell, 2008,7(4):506-515.
[18] SANCHEZ D, LOPEZ A, TORROJA L, et al. Loss of glial lazarillo, a homolog of apolipoprotein D,reduces lifespan and stress resistance in drosophila[J]. Current Biology: CB, 2006,16(7):680-686.
[19] GLASS C K, SAIJO K, WINNER B, et al. Mechanisms underlying inflammation in neurodegeneration[J]. Cell, 2010,140(6):918-934.
[20] ORDONEZ C, NAVARRO A, PEREZ C, et al. Apolipoprotein D expression in substantia nigra of Parkinson disease[J]. Histology and Histopathology, 2006,21(4):361-366.
[21] SHEN Xiaoli, SONG Ning, DU Xixun, et al. Nesfatin-1 protects dopaminergic neurons against MPP(+)/MPTP-induced neurotoxicity through the C-Raf-ERK1/2-dependent anti-apoptotic pathway [J]. Scientific Reports, 2017,7:40961.
(本文編輯 黃建鄉)