康 飛,孟凡喬
基于文獻分析的北方冬麥田氨揮發特性
康 飛,孟凡喬※
(中國農業大學資源與環境學院農田土壤污染防控與修復北京市重點實驗室,北京 100193)
中國北方地區是冬小麥-夏玉米種植體系的主要集約化農業區,過去30多年間化學氮肥投入量大和肥料利用率低的現象較為普遍,氨揮發等農業面源污染嚴重,需要對冬小麥生長過程中的氨揮發規律及測定方法等進行系統研究。該研究對1980年至2018年的華北平原冬小麥氨揮發文獻進行研究總結,采用回歸方程和T檢驗等統計學方法分析了不同施氮水平、施肥時期和測定方法對冬小麥氨揮發的影響。研究發現,隨著化肥施氮量的增加,冬小麥氨揮發累積量呈現指數函數增加趨勢(=2.64e0.006 6x),凈氨揮發量呈現冪函數增加特征(=0.004 81.358 9)。不考慮激發效應的凈氨揮發量比考慮激發效應的高估約21.8%。冬小麥生產中,基追比為1∶1的情況下,基肥期氨揮發量顯著高于追肥期氨揮發量(<0.05),占整個生育期氨揮發量分別為58.7%和41.3%。在180 kg/hm2氮肥水平時,海綿吸收法與真空抽氣法測定的氨揮發數量無顯著性差異。冬小麥季的氨揮發控制,應該重點通過優化氮肥施用數量,主要在基肥期進行控制。田間生產中,采用海綿吸收法和真空抽氣法監測氨揮發應考慮不同施肥水平下的高估。
冬小麥;氨揮發;氮肥量;施肥時期;真空抽氣法;海綿吸收法
化學合成氮肥是農田生態系統的主要氮素來源,在作物產量和品質形成中起著關鍵作用[1-2],但過量施用氮肥也帶來了巨大的資源環境壓力。上世紀80年代改革開放以來,中國冬小麥生產中氮肥投入量逐年增加,根據《2018年中國統計年鑒》,2017年全國小麥總產高達13 433萬t,氮肥施用量高達2 222萬t,分別是1980年的2.43倍和2.38倍,其中2017年北方冬小麥播種面積高達1 753萬hm2,小麥產量高達10 713萬t,分別占全國的71.52%和79.75%,是中國重要的冬小麥產區[3]。全國耕地平均氮肥施用量為240 kg/hm2,單位種植面積施氮量遠高于非洲和歐美等地區,是全球氮高投入地區之一[4]。
氮肥施入土壤-植物體系后,除了被作物吸收利用以外,主要以土壤殘留、氨揮發、淋溶和硝化-反硝化等多種途徑損失到環境中[5],其中氨揮發是重要的氣態氮素損失途徑,其損失率為22%±10%[6]。在農業源氨排放中,每年因農田施肥導致的氨排放占整個農業源氨排放總量的40%[7],2013年全國由化學氮肥引起的氨揮發累積量高達5.21 Tg NH3[8],全球范圍內,18%的氮肥投入則以氨揮發形式損失[9]。氨揮發不僅降低氮肥利用率,造成肥料的浪費,而且還引起許多環境和生態問題[10],氮肥過量施用引起的氨揮發成為大氣氨的重要來源,對于大氣污染物PM2.5形成有重要貢獻[11]。中國華北地區土壤多為中性或微堿性,鹽漬土多呈堿性(pH值在6.8~8.5之間)[12],與南方酸性土壤相比,施肥后華北地區土壤氨揮發的比例更高[13]。作物生產中,氨揮發的數量不僅受氮肥數量的影響[14],還會受灌溉量、施肥時期、耕作措施、溫度和土壤pH等人為和自然因素的影響[15]。對于華北地區,由于氣候類型和土壤性質差異較小,各地研究得到的氨揮發數量和比例差異較小,呈現出相似的規律。過去30多年間,盡管對華北平原氨揮發進行了大量的試驗研究,但是針對氨揮發的整合研究較為欠缺,很少研究采用不干擾自然氣象條件的微氣象學法和風洞法[16-17]。大量文獻表明,中國大多數氨揮發試驗采用簡便易行的真空抽氣法或海綿吸收法,但尚缺乏對這兩類方法進行系統分析。另外,以往研究計算土壤凈氨揮發只是用氨揮發總量減去不施氮處理土壤的氨揮發,忽略了激發效應。
本研究收集了1980年以來中國北方地區冬小麥氨揮發的田間試驗,對相關數據進行了收集、錄入和整合分析,研究化肥施氮量和施肥時期對氨揮發總量、凈氨揮發量的影響,并對不同氨揮發測定方法進行比較分析,以其為該地區冬小麥氮肥合理施用和減少氨揮發損失提供科學依據。
本研究通過對中國知網將近40 a的有關冬小麥氨揮發的文章檢索,從中提取有關數據。文獻主要來源為中國知網核心期刊上發表的期刊文獻以及碩博學位論文,通過主題詞“小麥”、“氨揮發”和“氮”等關鍵字的搜索,從中進行查閱篩選,從中提取和整理本研究所需要的數據。本研究所篩選文獻和數據點應滿足以下條件,即1)田間試驗位于北方地區;2)種植作物為冬小麥;3)測定氨揮發所用方法為海綿吸收法或真空抽氣法,微氣象學法和風洞法的文獻較少,不在本次研究范圍之內;4)田間試驗所用肥料為化學氮肥(主要包括尿素等銨態氮肥),排除施用糞肥和緩控釋肥等其他類型肥料的文獻;5)只選取農民常規處理的數據,排除特殊處理(例如肥料深施、壟作覆膜等不同農田灌溉措施的處理);6)試驗設置3個或3個以上重復。
本研究共收集和使用文獻31篇,其中采用海綿吸收法測定氨揮發的文章有17篇,采用真空抽氣法的文章14篇。氨揮發觀測數據共120個,其中采用海綿吸收法的觀測數據為67個,采用真空抽氣法的為53個。
本次研究的北方冬小麥區,定義為主要分布在秦嶺、淮河以北,長城以南的地區,該區域冬小麥產量約占全國小麥總產量的79%左右[3],包括河南、河北、山東、陜西、山西等省區。這些地區地處暖溫帶季風氣候和大陸性季風氣候區,氣候溫和,年平均氣溫、降水量、日照時長以及種植制度等方面差異不大;主要土壤類型有棕壤、褐土、潮土和風沙土等,耕性良好,礦物養分豐富,因此該區冬小麥氨揮發排放規律較為一致。
不考慮激發效應的凈氨揮發量計算公式如下
1=N?N0(1)
根據孫昭安的研究[18],每增加10 kg/hm2時的激發效應為1%,因此考慮激發效應的凈氨揮發量和不考慮激發效應的凈氨揮發量的高估比例的計算公式如下
2=N?N0×(1+/1 000)(2)
3=(1?2)/2×100%(3)
式中1為不考慮激發效應的凈氨揮發量,2為考慮激發效應的凈氨揮發量,3為不考慮激發效應的凈氨揮發比考慮激發效應的高估比例,%,為化肥施氮量,N0為不施氮肥的土壤氨揮發量,N為施肥量為的土壤氨揮發量,單位均為kg/hm2。
數據采用Microsoft Excel 2016進行回歸方程的擬合和制作箱線圖,采用SPSS25軟件進行T檢驗等統計分析。
數據處理中對于未施氮肥的氨揮發缺失數據計算方法:先計算其他文獻試驗中所有未施肥處理的氨揮發平均值,對于高于平均值3倍和低于平均值1/3的數據剔除,然后計算平均值,作為未施氮肥處理的氨揮發值。
研究發現,該區冬小麥常規化肥施氮量范圍在72.5~400 kg/hm2之間(=47),平均值為243±12.2 kg/hm2。常規施肥處理的氨揮發量范圍在1.01~57 kg/hm2之間,平均值為19.80±2.26 kg/hm2,而不施肥處理的氨揮發量在0.01~14.7 kg/hm2之間,平均值為4.12± 0.57 kg/hm2。隨著化肥施氮量的增加,由氨揮發造成的肥料氮損失量也在逐漸增加(圖1a),而且冬小麥全生育期的氨揮發總量與化肥施氮量關系為指數函數關系(=2.64e0.006 6x)。
凈氨揮發為從施氮肥處理的氨揮發總量中扣除土壤不施氮肥處理(背景值)的氨揮發,反映了由化學氮肥引起的氨揮發量。常規施肥處理的凈氨揮發量平均值為15.2±2.14 kg/hm2,占化肥施氮量比例為6.27%±0.98%。隨著化肥施氮量的增加,凈氨揮發量呈冪函數(=0.004 81.358 9)(圖1b)。所有試驗處理的凈氨揮發量范圍在0.43~52.5 kg/hm2之間,平均值為10.6%±1.26 kg/hm2,占化肥施氮量的平均比例為5.41%±0.64%。

注:實線為趨勢擬合線,虛線為95%置信區間線,下同。
冬小麥生產中,基肥期常規施氮量為0~240 kg/hm2,氨揮發總量平均為6.58±0.74 kg/hm2,凈氨揮發量平均為6.35%±0.93 kg/hm2,占該期施氮量的比例為4.89%± 0.66%。基肥期氨揮發累積量與化肥施氮量的回歸方程為二次型函數(=?0.000 12+0.081 4+1.89),即隨化肥施氮量的增加,氨揮發總量呈現先增加后降低的趨勢(圖2a)。追肥期,常規施氮量為0~240 kg/hm2,氨揮發總量為5.92±0.83 kg/hm2,凈氨揮發量平均為5.91± 1.17 kg/hm2,占該期施氮量的比例為6.09%±1.20%。追肥期氨揮發總量與化肥施氮量的回歸方程為指數函數(=1.43e0.011 3x),說明冬小麥在追肥時期隨化肥施氮量的增加,氨揮發總量呈指數形式增加,即增幅隨氮肥水平不斷增加(圖2c)。無論是基肥期還是追肥期,凈氨揮發量隨施氮量增加均呈現冪函數的增加趨勢(圖2b和圖2d)。

圖2 冬小麥氨揮發總量和凈氨揮發量在基肥期和追肥期與化肥施氮量的關系
通過48對基/追肥施氮量為1:1的文獻樣本進行分析發現,基肥期冬小麥氨揮發樣本的中位數、平均值、上下限均低于追肥氨揮發的樣本(圖3),根據配對T檢驗結果(T=2.685,=0.01),基肥期氨揮發累積量(平均值為7.13 kg/hm2)顯著高于追肥期(平均值為5.03 kg/hm2)(<0.05),兩者占總氨揮發量的比例分別為58.7%和41.3%。

圖3 基/追比為1:1條件下冬小麥基肥和追肥期的氨揮發累積量
采用海綿吸收法測得氨揮發總量的平均值為12.8±1.63 kg/hm2,凈氨揮發量平均值為12.5±1.92 kg/hm2,凈氨揮發量占化肥施氮量的比例為6.29%±0.97%左右。采用海綿吸收法時,氨揮發總量與化肥施氮量的回歸方程為指數函數(=2.70e0.006 5x)(圖4a),凈氨揮發量與化肥施氮量的回歸方程為冪函數(=0.024 51.07)(圖4b)。真空抽氣法測得氨揮發總量為10.6±1.31 kg/hm2,凈氨揮發量平均為8.73±1.6 kg/hm2,占化肥施氮量的比例為4.38%±0.76%左右。采用真空抽氣法時,氨揮發總量與化肥施氮量的回歸方程為指數函數(=2.56e0.006 8x)(圖4c),凈氨揮發量與化肥施氮量的回歸方程為冪函數(=0.001 31.59)(圖4d)。海綿吸收法測得氨揮發總量為12.8±1.63 kg/hm2,凈氨揮發量平均為12.5± 1.92 kg/hm2,占化肥施氮量的比例為6.29%±0.97%。無論是海綿吸收法還是真空抽氣法,冬小麥氨揮發總量隨化肥施氮量增加均呈指數形式增加,而凈氨揮發量均呈冪函數形式增加,增速低于氨揮發總量。
根據海綿吸收法和真空抽氣法測定氨揮發的擬合方程,計算施氮量為180 kg/hm2時,2方法測定的氨揮發總量相當。當施氮量<180 kg/hm2時,海綿吸收法測定的氨揮發量比真空抽氣法高0~5%;施氮量在180~400 kg/hm2區間范圍內,真空抽氣法測定的氨揮發量比海綿吸收法高0~6.9%,但采用配對T方法,發現2方法的測定結果無顯著差異(>0.05)。

圖4 分別采用海綿吸收法和真空抽氣法測定的冬小麥氨揮發總量和凈氨揮發量與化肥施氮量的關系
在農田中,影響氨排放量的主要因素是施肥量[7]。冬小麥各施肥期氨揮發速率和總量均隨著施氮量增加而增加[19-24],施用氮肥顯著促進土壤氨揮發[25],不同施氮方式下氨揮發速率、揮發累積量及其占施氮量的比例均隨施氮量的增大而增大[14]。本研究發現,氨揮發總量與化肥施氮量的擬合回歸方程是指數函數,冬小麥常規施肥處理下氨揮發總量占化肥施氮量的比例平均為8.12%。Chen等研究結果有所不同[16],該研究發現冬小麥氨揮發總量與施氮量的擬合結果呈一次函數關系,氮肥引起的氨揮發比例平均值為22%,顯著高于本研究總結海綿吸收法和真空抽氣法測定的氨揮發量(<0.05)。原因可能是Chen等[16]收集的數據主要采用微氣象學法或風洞法等方法學上引起的差異[23, 26]。海綿吸收法和真空抽氣法簡單易行,經濟快捷,適用于田間小區對比試驗[6],數據整合的結果也驗證了在超過一定施氮量后,多余的氮素會以更高比例揮發損失的結果[27],也進一步說明,優化施氮量是控制氨揮發的有效措施[28]。
本研究中,冬小麥基肥期氨揮發累積量顯著高于追肥期(<0.05),基肥期氨揮發量占整個生育期氨揮發量的58.7%,追肥期占41.3%,與大部分研究發現是一致的[14, 29-33]。有研究結果發現麥田土壤氨揮發損失主要來自于追肥[24-25, 34],主要是由于該研究追肥期氮肥投入量占總施肥量的比例較高(60%)。小麥基肥撒施,與土壤表層混合,基肥時期環境溫度較高,有利于銨根離子揮發成NH3,而追肥期是小麥需要養分的時期,吸收銨態氮的速度也高,而且追施后立即灌水,使尚未水解的尿素淋洗到土壤深層,減少了銨態氮在土壤的聚集,從而減少了氨揮發[35]。因此,適當控制基肥氮肥投入,可以有效降低氨揮發損失。
激發效應是指外加有機物質或含氮物質而使土壤中原來有機質的分解速率改變的現象,有機碳分解,其中包含的N也會損失,其中一種重要損失方式就是氨揮發[36]。許多研究表明,化肥施入促進了土壤中有機物進一步分解,顯著促進土壤氨揮發[37]。銨態氮肥對土墊旱耕人為土和黃土正常新成土表現出正的激發效應,且低肥力土壤激發效應高于高肥力土壤[38-40]。研究表明,秸稈和氮肥同時添加會增加土壤胞外酶活性和利用秸稈碳的真細比,進而加劇了秸稈降解和土壤激發效應強度[41]。
需要指出的是,以前諸多研究在計算土壤凈氨揮發時,采用的是施氮肥處理減去不施氮肥處理,忽略了氮肥對土壤氨揮發的激發效應,因此計算得出的由于氮肥引起的凈氨揮往往被高估了。本研究根據孫昭安[18]對冬小麥氮肥對激發效應的研究,估算出不考慮激發效應的凈氨揮發比考慮激發效應的氨揮發平均高估了21.8%±3.57%(圖5),這一研究發現值得今后特別注意。
雙層海綿吸收法回收率和精確度較高,測定氨揮發相對于密閉法要更加準確和精確,回收率為99.5%,變異系數僅為0.77%,適于田間土壤氨揮發的原位測定[42]。楊陽等[43]在2011-2013年黃土高原南部冬小麥田測定氨揮發也采用該方法,回收率為99%。Zhang等[44]在內蒙古草原測定氨揮發時,該方法回收率為87%以上。吳艷香等研究表明,與海綿吸收法(回收率為94.95%)相比,真空抽氣法的回收率較高,為96.9%[45]。周偉等研究發現,真空抽氣法回收率為90%,變異系數在5%以內[46]。

圖5 考慮激發效應與不考慮激發效應的凈氨揮發量與不考慮激發效應的凈氨揮發量的高估比例
綜上可知,真空抽氣法的優點是明顯消除相鄰兩塊地之間的干擾,改善了小區之間的氣象條件,但是空氣流將密閉室空氣中的氨帶到系統外用酸吸收,導致取樣室內外壓差較大,并在一定范圍內隨通氣頻率的增加而增大,且壓力較大情況下可能高估。海綿吸收法相對簡單,成本較低,易于控制條件,應用廣泛,且大部分研究發現回收率較高,但無法考慮風速對氨揮發的影響[26]。
中國北方冬小麥生產中,氨揮發總量隨化肥施氮量的增加呈指數函數形式增加,凈氨揮發量則呈冪函數形式增加,基肥期氨揮發量顯著高于追肥期。常規氮肥水平下,凈氨揮發量占化肥施氮量的平均比例為6.27%。降低氮肥,特別是基肥期氮肥施用量,或者改善施肥方式(如快速灌溉和覆土),可以有效降低氨揮發數量。不考慮氮肥對于土壤氨揮發的激發效應,會導致凈氨揮發數量高估(21.8%)。田間試驗中,在180 kg/hm2氮肥水平時,海綿吸收法和真空抽氣法獲得的氨揮發水平相當,在低于和高于該氮肥水平時,海綿吸收法和真空抽氣法監測獲得的氨揮發數量偏高。
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Ammonia volatilization from winter wheat cropland in Northern China based on a literature analysis
Kang Fei, Meng Fanqiao※
(100193,)
Northern China is the main intensive agricultural area for winter wheat-summer maize production in China. In the past 30 years, chemical nitrogen (N) fertilizer was the main source of N input in the farmland ecosystem and plays a key role in crop production and soil quality. Due to the excessive application of chemical N fertilizer and frequent irrigation, fertilizer N usage efficiency was low and was also lost into the environment and this caused many negative environmental pollutions. Among the fates of fertilizer N applied, ammonia volatilization was an important gaseous N loss, and it was one of the main sources of atmospheric ammonia and significantly contributed to the formation of atmospheric pollutant PM2.5. Besides, compared with the acid soil in southern China, the proportion of ammonia volatilization from calcareous soil after N fertilization in northern China was higher. In the past, although many experimental studies have been carried out on ammonia volatilization in northern China Plain, few have systematically investigated the relationship between ammonia volatilization and fertilizer N used, and the efficacies of different ammonia collection methods, i.e., sponge absorption method and vacuum suction method. In this study, the works of literature on ammonia volatilization during the winter wheat season in northern China published from 1980 to 2018 were collected and the methods of regression analysis and T-test were adopted. Among the 31 papers collected in this study, 17 adopted the sponge absorption method and 14 adopted the vacuum suction method to measure the ammonia volatilized after N fertilization during the winter wheat season. The results showed that under farmer’s conventional N fertilization level, the cumulative total ammonia and net ammonia volatilization was exponentially (=2.64e0.006 6x)and power-functionally(=0.004 81.358 9) correlated with the fertilized N rate, respectively. Correspondingly, the average proportion of net ammonia volatilization to total chemical N applied was (6.27±0.98)%. Under the same N rate at the basal and topdressing stages, the corresponding ammonia volatilization was 58.7% and 41.3% of the total ammonia volatilization in the whole wheat season, indicating the higher contribution of N volatilization at the basal stage, and the importance of mitigation the ammonia volatilization for winter wheat season. At the fertilization rate of 180 kg/hm2during the winter wheat season, the ammonia volatilization determined by the vacuum suction method and the sponge absorption method was similar. At the fertilization rate of <180 kg/hm2, the ammonia volatilization determined by the sponge absorption method was 0-5% higher than that of the vacuum suction method and at 180-400 kg/hm2, the vacuum suction method was 0-6.9% higher than that of the sponge absorption method, although the statistic differences between these two methods were not significant. This study also found the priming effect of the ammonia volatilization due to chemical N fertilization was 21.8%±3.57%; the net ammonia volatilization determined without considering of priming effect was significantly higher than that determined with considering of priming effect. The mitigation of ammonia volatilization in the winter wheat season should focus on optimizing the N fertilization rate, mainly at the basal fertilization stage, and combined with other farming measures such as drip irrigation and soil mulching). During the field study of ammonia volatilization caused by chemical N fertilization, the priming effect and the overestimate of ammonia volatilization should not be neglected. Differences of NH3volatilization via the sponge absorption method and the vacuum suction method should also be taken into consideration.
winter wheat; ammonia volatilization; fertilizer N rate; fertilization period; vacuum suction; sponge absorption
康 飛,孟凡喬. 基于文獻分析的北方冬麥田氨揮發特性[J]. 農業工程學報,2020,36(1):228-234.doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.01.027 http://www.tcsae.org
Kang Fei, Meng Fanqiao. Ammonia volatilization from winter wheat cropland in Northern China based on a literature analysis[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2020, 36(1): 228-234. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.01.027 http://www.tcsae.org
2019-11-24
2019-12-18
國家重點研發計劃項目(2017YFD0800605和2016YFD0800104)
康 飛,博士,研究方向:面源污染與農田養分循環。Email:15612246306@163.com
孟凡喬,教授,博士,主要從事面源污染與農業物質循環研究。Email:mengfq@cau.edu.cn
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.01.027
S143.1
A
1002-6819(2020)-01-0228-07