基于高中英語閱讀教學的語篇標記語教學

韋桂媛

[摘? ?要]近三年來的高考更側重考查考生對語篇的理解，靠理解問題意思閱讀文章時抓住一兩句話就可以解答的題目，幾乎不再出現。這就要求教師在課堂教學的主陣地中，引領學生關注語篇本身，而不是管中窺豹。站在語篇整體的高度去理解和體會作者的情感態度，是閱讀教學的重中之重。

[關鍵詞]高中英語;閱讀教學;語篇標記

[中圖分類號]? ? G633.41? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼]? ? A? ? ? ? [文章編號]? ? 1674-6058（2019）24-0032-02

課堂教學是閱讀教學的主戰場，語篇標記語立足于課堂，以下是筆者在從事高中英語教學中的一些心得。

一、高考不同閱讀題目中的標記語示例

1.主旨大意題的題目標記語

（1） The best title headline for this passage is...

（2） The passage （or the first paragraph） is mainly about...

2.細節理解題的題目標記語

（1）Which of the following is NOT included / mentioned in the passage？

（2）Which of the following （sentences / statements） is NOT true？

3.推理判斷題的題目標記語

（1） We can know from the passage that...

（2） We can infer from the （first/ last） passage that...

4.作者意圖（態度）題的題目標記語

（1） The author seems to be in favor of / against...

（2） The authors purpose of writing this passage is...

5.猜測詞義的題目標記語

（1） The word “...” in the passage means...

（2） The word “...” could be best replaced by...

二、不同的文章題材涵蓋了不同的標記語

1.記敘文

For years I made the nine-hour trip from home to my parentshouse in Boise. Like people， I used the shortest and easiest route possible. I drove fast and stopped only when I had to. We ate at fast food restaurants， stuck to the freeways and counted the hours and miles Road trips made us wish that we were anywhere but here. We arrived tired and angry.

But then Banner， a sheep， was born and rejected by his mama only days before a trip to Boise. Thats why I found myself on the road with four kids and a baby lamb. We took the back roads to Boise out of I had to stop every hour and let Banner stretch out his legs. The kids ran after him， and then one another before climbing back into the car.

While the world was racing by， we were not. We stopped to eat in local cafes because fast food restaurants are rare on the back roads. Instead of driving to Boise in one day， like we always did， we stayed in a small hotel， which led to a long walk to look for a place to eat. Finally， we discover a restaurant which served delicious ham rolls. We explored side roads and looked out of our car windows at the changing scenes of countryside. Clothes were hung on the line; baby pigs followed their mother.

We eventually arrived at my parents doorstep refreshed and full of stories. Road trips changed forever after that Journey. It opened our eyes to a whole new world. For us，a good road trip is one long detour after another. Because of a tiny black lamb， weve realized that detours often show the best part of a journey? and the best part of yourself.

以此篇記敘文為例，記敘文的語篇標記語就是文中畫線的一連串的動詞及短語，表示動作和事情的進展。表示事情先后順序的For years， While， Finally等也是此文標記語。

2.說明文

As a composer， Andrew Pekler aims to make music that uses synthetic sounds to build real-seeming places. With electronic instruments， he creates the sound of wind， waves， bird calls and insects. “The sweet spot for me is when a piece I have made can be heard as both a field recording and as a completely composed， synthetic construct，” he says.

In his new work， an online APP called Phantom Islands， he tries out that idea to create a tour of islands that mapmakers once believed were real， but do not actually exist. Working with the web designer and developer Flavio Gortana， Pekler drew a map of imagined islands and filled each one with a fictional auditory atmosphere.

When European ships were traveling the world during the Age of Exploration， the men on board would come back with tales of the islands theyd come across， previously unknown to their societies. Usually these reports would be accurate enough， but sometimes this system went away. Ship captains would conjure up imaginary islands to lease their funders and sailors would report seeing land that never existed.

Over time， these reports would be corrected， although sometimes it would take centuries. Reports of phantom islands are still being exposed in this century. Theyre strange relics of a human attempt to better understand the world， with all the weaknesses that came along with that project ...

因為說明文中可能也會提到發明物品或者發現事物的過程，與記敘文相似的是，會出現一系列動詞。但是不同的是，這些表示順序的動詞在較少的篇幅中呈現。而與科技相關的一些詞也會出現，例如creates the sound of，an online APP called Phantom Islands，these reports would be accurate enough， but sometimes this system went away，came along with that project...

3.應用文

Elmo Loves 123s

Help your child identify and count numbers from 1 to 20 and do simple addition and subtraction. Everyones favorite furry character， Elmo， and Abby Cadabby will guide kids along the way.（ages 5 and under， $4.99; iPad）

Disney Story Central

Bedtime just got a lot less painful， thanks to Disney Story Central. The large selection of e-books star Disney characters， such as Mickey Mouse， the princesses， and Doc McStuffins. Plus， the bookworms will earn awards as progress is made day by day.（2 years+， free for iPad for the first 4 books， with additional purchase packages starting at $4）

GoldieBlox and the Movie Machine

GoldieBlox， the toy company focused on Inspiring girls to become innovators has created GoldieBlox and the Movie Machine. Its first APP for inspiring engineers. Your kid will learn the basics of animation and create her one-second animated GIFS.（6 years+， free iPhone， iPad）

Habitat the Game

Players adopt a virtual polar bear and must complete real-world actions， such as turning lights off and conserving water， to keep the creature healthy. Little ones will take pride in making an actual difference in the world with these exciting games. （4 years， free iPhone， iPad， Android）

應用文的特點就是大部分會充分利用標題標注主要內容，文章的語言莊重、簡潔、嚴密。比如文中提到的四個小標題，結合省略的內容“孩子的教育不必在放學后就停止。這些游戲是為你的iPhone， iPad，安卓系統開發的，可以讓你的孩子在課堂之外保持活躍的思維”得知，Elmo Loves 123s， Disney Story Central，GoldieBlox and the Movie Machine，Habitat the Game是四個小游戲的名稱。

4.議論文

...

Experts warn that the decline In swimming ability is creating a generation of Queensland kids who cant swim to save themselves， and they have called for Immediate action to prevent a rise in drownings and sea rescues. Our campaign is calling for compulsory， certified swim and water safety lessons in Queensland primary schools. Students would have to meet a set benchmark Australian Water Safety Council convenor Justin Scarr said more action was urgently needed to prevent child drownings and incidents. He said most states had carried out school-based programs. “The assumption is Queenslanders can swim before they walk because it is such an ideal environment for swimming... the water is part of everyday life for many people in the state.”

Mr Scarr said the reality was far different and Increasing number of children did not have the ability to survive in the water. Surf Life Saving Queensland chief George Hill said volunteers and lifeguards were alarmed by the growing number of young people getting into trouble in the ocean.

Education Queensland said swimming and water safety lessons were encouraged but not compulsory.

Mr Scarr said many parents used to send kids aged up to four or five to lessons， but then that stopped as the family focus often turned to other sports. As a result， we are seeing children losing the chance to develop the swimming ability.

He said the targeting of children during primary years was “absolutely critical”， as they needed to learn the vital skills before their teenage years.

議論文會就某些觀點和現象進行議論，以此議論文畫線部分為例，它與記敘文相似的是，會引用別人的話，但不同的是這些都是觀點類的話，會帶有主觀的觀點詞。

三、閱讀理解標記語的課堂教學模式

第一，先有量的積累，再做質的歸納。練習的初級階段，讓學生每種文體寫36篇左右的文章。課上練習3篇，課后練習3篇，每天寫6篇，大概用一周時間完成。

第二，在第二輪高三復習課中，呈現不同的體裁，讓學生找出規律。教師事先給出規律，不如學生自己找規律來得深刻。所以初級階段中寫36篇文章的重點就是要學生自己找出規律。

第三，教師對規律進行點評和提煉。對學生給出的規律，教師進行及時的點評，課后再把學生與教師共同得出的規律印制成冊，可以當作很好的閱讀輔助材料。

第四，把2018年的高考英語閱讀題呈現給學生，讓學生通過練習后，看是否能把相應體裁的文章用一些常用的標記語來確認文體。

總之，本文主要闡述了語篇標記語在英語閱讀中幫助學生把握文章脈絡結構， 有效推導題目含義，有效定位文章體裁，以加快閱讀速度等的重要作用。但是， 這只是閱讀理解教學的一個方面。因此， 學習語篇標記語是提高閱讀水平的一種途徑， 教師還應該尋求其他多種教學方法來提高學生的閱讀能力。

[? 參? ? 考? ? 文? ? 獻? ]

[1]? 唐善生. 指示性與話語性——話語指示的本質特征[J]. 修辭學習，2004（6）：20-25.

[2]? 索振羽編著.語用學教程[M].北京：北京大學出版社， 2000.

（責任編輯? ? 斯? ?陌）